Salivary assessment of the immune/inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in older adults vaccinated with CoronaVac or ChadOx-1

Although important information concerning COVID-19 vaccination is available, the effects of the CoronaVac and ChadOx-1 vaccines on immunity and the redox balance in the upper airway mucosa of the aged population are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact...

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Published in:	BMC geriatrics Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 807 - 17
Main Authors:	Vieira, Jeniffer, de Oliveira, Thiago Vinícius Vieira, Queiroz, Lorrayne Rithielle Rocha, Camargo, Camila Tussato Soares, Nardy, Ariane, Monteiro, Fernanda Rodrigues, do Amaral, Jônatas Bussador, Paixão, Vitória, Vaisberg, Mauro, Amirato, Gislene Rocha, Dos Santos, Carlos André Freitas, Durigon, Edison Luiz, Oliveira, Danielle Bruna Leal, Aguiar, Andressa Simões, Alvares-Saraiva, Anuska Marcelino, Heller, Débora, Mantoanelli, Patricia Gabriela Viana, Siqueira, Michelle Foigel, da Silva Nali, Luiz Henrique, Bachi, André Luis Lacerda
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central 03-10-2024 BMC
Subjects:	Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Antimicrobial peptides Antioxidants Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 - prevention & control COVID-19 vaccines COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology Cytokines Cytokines - metabolism Female Humans IgG Immunity (Disease) Immunogenicity Immunoglobulin G Infections Inflammation Inflammation - metabolism Influenza Interleukin 10 Interleukin 12 Interleukin 6 Lactoferrin Lysozyme Male Medical research Microbiota Mucosa Mucosal immunity Older people Oxidants Oxidative stress Oxidative Stress - drug effects Oxidative Stress - physiology Pathogenesis Peroxides Population studies Respiratory tract Saliva Saliva - immunology Saliva - metabolism SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Secretory immunoglobulin A Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Statistical power Total antioxidant capacity Tumor necrosis factor-α Vaccines, Inactivated Viral infections Viruses α-Interferon γ-Interferon Secretory immunoglobulin A IgG Peroxides Total antioxidant capacity Cytokines Antimicrobial peptides
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Summary:	Although important information concerning COVID-19 vaccination is available, the effects of the CoronaVac and ChadOx-1 vaccines on immunity and the redox balance in the upper airway mucosa of the aged population are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of two doses of the CoronaVac or ChadOx-1 vaccine on immune/inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the airway mucosa of older adults. Seventy-six older adults of both sexes, with a mean age of 75.1 ± 6.4 years, were separated according to vaccination status into the CoronaVac (n = 52) and ChadOx-1 (n = 24) groups. Saliva samples were collected before (pre) and 30 days after (post) the administration of the second dose of the CoronaVac or ChadOx-1 vaccine to assess the levels of antibodies (sIgA and IgG), antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and oxidant/antioxidant agents. The immunogenicity in the ChadOx-1 group was 37.5% for sIgA and 25% for IgG, while that in the CoronaVac group was 18.9% for sIgA and 13.2% for IgG. Intergroup analysis revealed that (1) lower levels of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 and a greater IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, in addition to a greater IL-6/IL-10 ratio, were found in both the pre- and postvaccination periods, and (2) lower levels of total sIgA, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-α, and the IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio, in addition to higher levels of specific sIgA for SARS-CoV-2 antigens and lysozyme, were observed only in the postvaccination period in the ChadOx-1 group than in the CoronaVac group. Intragroup analysis revealed (1) a significant increase in the salivary levels of total peroxides in the postvaccination period compared to those in the prevaccination period in both volunteer groups; (2) a decrease in the levels of lysozyme and the ratio between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total peroxides in the postvaccination period in the CoronaVac group compared with those in the prevaccination period; and (3) decreases in the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p70 levels, and the IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio in the ChadoX-1 group, as well as a higher lactoferrin concentration in the postvaccination period than in the prevaccination period. Several positive and negative correlations between the parameters assessed here were found. In general, the ChadOx-1 group exhibited improvements in both immune/inflammatory responses and redox balance and greater immunogenicity than did the CoronaVac group.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1471-2318 1471-2318
DOI:	10.1186/s12877-024-05357-8