An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Biomedicines Vol. 11; no. 5; p. 1398
Main Authors:	Ratan, Yashumati, Rajput, Aishwarya, Maleysm, Sushmita, Pareek, Aaushi, Jain, Vivek, Pareek, Ashutosh, Kaur, Ranjeet, Singh, Gurjit
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 08-05-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Advertising executives Aging Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques Amyloidosis Analysis Apoptosis Cognitive ability Dementia Development and progression Diabetes Diabetic neuropathy Disease prevention Drug development Glial cells Health aspects Hypertension Hypotheses Medical research Medicine, Experimental Memory molecular mechanism Molecular modelling Nervous system Neurodegeneration Neurodegenerative diseases Neurofibrillary tangles Neurological disorders Neurons Parkinson's disease Pathogenesis Peptides Proteins Review Risk factors Signal transduction Spinal cord Tau protein tau tangles β-Amyloid molecular mechanism risk factors Alzheimer’s disease tau tangles amyloid plaques
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Summary:	Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aβ and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aβ- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	2227-9059 2227-9059
DOI:	10.3390/biomedicines11051398