Association of diverse bacterial communities in human bile samples with biliary tract disorders: a survey using culture and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methods

Bacterial infection is considered a predisposing factor for disorders of the biliary tract. This study aimed to determine the diversity of bacterial communities in bile samples and their involvement in the occurrence of biliary tract diseases. A total of 102 bile samples were collected during endosc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Vol. 35; no. 8; pp. 1331 - 1339
Main Authors:	Tajeddin, E., Sherafat, S. J., Majidi, M. R. S., Alebouyeh, M., Alizadeh, A. H. M., Zali, M. R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-08-2016 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Acinetobacter Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Bacillus Bacteria Bacteria - drug effects Bacteria - genetics Bacterial diseases Bacterial infections Bile - microbiology Bile ducts Biliary Tract Biliary Tract Diseases - microbiology Biliary Tract Diseases - surgery Biofilms Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Capnocytophaga Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde Citrobacter Cohort Studies Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis E coli Electrophoresis Endoscopy Enterobacter Enterococcus Escherichia coli Female Gallbladder Gallbladder diseases Gallstones Gastroenterology Helicobacter pylori Humans Infections Internal Medicine Klebsiella pneumoniae Lactococcus Liver diseases Male Medical Microbiology Methods Microbial Sensitivity Tests Microbiota Middle Aged Morganella Original Article Pathogenesis Polymerase Chain Reaction Pseudomonas aeruginosa Research centers Salmonella Staphylococcus haemolyticus Young Adult Iran Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis Gallbladder Cancer Bile Sample Biliary Tract Common Bile Duct Stone
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Summary:	Bacterial infection is considered a predisposing factor for disorders of the biliary tract. This study aimed to determine the diversity of bacterial communities in bile samples and their involvement in the occurrence of biliary tract diseases. A total of 102 bile samples were collected during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Characterization of bacteria was done using culture and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was determined based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and identity of the nucleotide sequences of differentiated bands from the DGGE gels was determined based on GenBank data. In total, 41.2 % (42/102) of the patients showed bacterial infection in their bile samples. This infection was detected in 21 % (4/19), 45.4 % (5/11), 53.5 % (15/28), and 54.5 % (24/44) of patients with common bile duct stone, microlithiasis, malignancy, and gallbladder stone, respectively. Escherichia coli showed a significant association with gallstones. Polymicrobial infection was detected in 48 % of the patients. While results of the culture method established coexistence of biofilm-forming bacteria ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , E. coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Enterococcus spp., and Acinetobacter spp.) in different combinations, the presence of Capnocytophaga spp., Lactococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Enterobacter or Citrobacter spp., Morganella spp., Salmonella spp., and Helicobacter pylori was also characterized in these samples by the PCR-DGGE method. Multidrug resistance phenotypes (87.5 %) and resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and quinolones were common in these strains, which could evolve through their selection by bile components. Ability for biofilm formation seems to be a need for polymicrobial infection in this organ.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0934-9723 1435-4373
DOI:	10.1007/s10096-016-2669-x