Polioencephalomalacia secondary to hypernatremia in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Polioencephalomalacia secondary to hypernatremia in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)

Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp) are one of the most consistently used New World primates in biomedical research and are increasingly being used in neuroscience research, including models of drug abuse and addiction. Spontaneous neurologic disease in the squirrel monkey is uncommonly reported but incl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Veterinary pathology Vol. 51; no. 3; pp. 651 - 658
Main Authors: Macri, S M Cummings, Masek-Hammerman, K, Crowell, A M, Fenn, M S, Knight, H L, Westmoreland, S V, Miller, A D
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States 01-05-2014
Subjects:
Animals
Animals, Laboratory
Encephalomalacia - etiology
Encephalomalacia - veterinary
Hypernatremia - blood
Hypernatremia - complications
Hypernatremia - veterinary
Immunohistochemistry - veterinary
Monkey Diseases - metabolism
Monkey Diseases - pathology
Necrosis
Saimiri
Saimiri sciureus
hypernatremia
squirrel monkey
polioencephalomalacia
laminar necrosis
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Summary:Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp) are one of the most consistently used New World primates in biomedical research and are increasingly being used in neuroscience research, including models of drug abuse and addiction. Spontaneous neurologic disease in the squirrel monkey is uncommonly reported but includes various infectious diseases as well as cerebral amyloidosis. Hypernatremia is an extremely serious condition of hyperosmolarity that occurs as a result of water loss, adipsia, or excess sodium intake. Neurologic effects of hypernatremia reflect the cellular dehydration produced by the shift of water from the intracellular fluid space into the hypertonic extracellular fluid space. Severe hypernatremia may result in cerebrocortical laminar necrosis (polioencephalomalacia) in human patients as well as in a number of domestic species, including pigs, poultry, and ruminants. We report the clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings of polioencephalomalacia in 13 squirrel monkeys. Polioencephalomalacia in these animals was associated with hypernatremia that was confirmed by serum levels of sodium greater than 180 mmol/L (reference range, 134.0-154.0 mmol/L [mEq/L]). All animals had concurrent diseases or experimental manipulation that predisposed to adipsia. Immunohistochemical investigation using antibodies to neuronal nuclei (NeuN), CNPase, Iba-1, and CD31 revealed necrosis of predominantly cerebral cortical layers 3, 4, and 5 characterized by neuronal degeneration and loss, oligodendrocytic loss, microglial proliferation, and vascular reactivity. The squirrel monkey is exquisitely sensitive to hyperosmolar metabolic disruption and it is associated with laminar cortical necrosis.
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ISSN:1544-2217
DOI:10.1177/0300985813498782