Tangerine peel ashes applied as green catalyst: a biorefinery‐based approach for biodiesel production

In this research, a greener heterogeneous catalyst (named TPC) was obtained from ‘Ponkan’ tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel ashes. TPC was efficient for biodiesel production through the methyl route using refined soybean oil and waste cooking oil as raw materials in a biorefinery‐based appro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Biofuels, bioproducts and biorefining Vol. 16; no. 2; pp. 548 - 561
Main Authors:	Oliveira, Keverson G., Lima, Ramoni Renan S., Moura, Heloise M. de A., Bicudo, Tatiana de C., S. de Carvalho, Luciene
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-03-2022 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	Analytical methods Ashes Basicity Biodiesel fuels Biofuels Biorefineries Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide Catalysts Citrus reticulata Blanco Cooking Cooking oils Desorption Diesel D‐Optimal design Economic feasibility Electron microscopy Feasibility studies Field emission microscopy Fluorescence Fourier analysis Fourier transforms Infrared spectroscopy NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance Oil Potassium carbonate Raw materials Reaction time Refining Response surface methodology Scanning electron microscopy Soybean oil Soybeans Spectrum analysis tangerine peel ashes Temperature data Thermogravimetric analysis Thermogravimetry TPC catalysts Transesterification WCO biodiesel
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Summary:	In this research, a greener heterogeneous catalyst (named TPC) was obtained from ‘Ponkan’ tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) peel ashes. TPC was efficient for biodiesel production through the methyl route using refined soybean oil and waste cooking oil as raw materials in a biorefinery‐based approach. Eight catalyst samples were prepared via calcination of the ashes at 700 °C (TPC7), 800 °C (TPC8) and 900 °C (TPC9), and blends of TPC7 with CaCO3 and K2CO3. All the catalysts were employed in preliminary tests for the transesterification reactions. A set of characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared and spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, X‐ray fluorescence, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, CO2‐desorption at programmed temperature, thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, and the Hammett basicity test were performed for catalysts assessment. The X‐ray diffractometry patterns showed peaks associated with characteristic phases of K2CO3, CaCO3, K2Ca(CO3)2, MgO and CaO, confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy and X‐ray fluorescence. CO2‐desorption at programmed temperature data demonstrated the presence of basic sites in the TPC catalysts. The experimental evaluation by response surface methodology using the D‐Optimal design showed that the reaction time effect (F = 19.04, P‐value = 0.0005) and its interaction with the molar ratio effect are the most significant parameters to improve the yield of refined soybean oil biodiesel. The selected reaction conditions promoted a methyl ester conversion higher than 92%, as calculated from 1H NMR data. Furthermore, the production of waste cooking oil biodiesel was effective using TPC7 and TPC8 catalysts, allowing a sustainable and economic feasibility process. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ISSN:	1932-104X 1932-1031
DOI:	10.1002/bbb.2327