Delayed gastric emptying rate as a potential mechanism for lowered glycemia after eating sourdough bread: studies in humans and rats using test products with added organic acids or an organic salt

The possible effects of organic acids or an organic salt on the rate of gastric emptying was studied to identify the cause for reduced postmeal responses of blood glucose and insulin to foods containing such components, eg, sourdough bread. Paracetamol was included in bread products with added lacti...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 64; no. 6; pp. 886 - 893
Main Authors:	Liljeberg, HG, Björck, IM
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Bethesda, MD Elsevier Inc 01-12-1996 American Society for Clinical Nutrition American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
Subjects:	Acetaminophen - blood Acetaminophen - pharmacokinetics Acetic Acid - pharmacology Adult Amino acids Animals Biological and medical sciences Blood Glucose - metabolism Bread Digestive system Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gastric Emptying - physiology Glycogen - metabolism Humans Hydrochloric Acid - pharmacology Insulin - blood Intestinal Absorption - drug effects Intestinal Absorption - physiology Male Metabolism Middle Aged Propionates - pharmacology Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Rodents Satiation - physiology Stomach - metabolism Stomach - physiology Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Human Rat Postprandial Rodentia Gastric emptying Fermentation starter Supplemented diet Insulin Organic acids Feeding Bread Vertebrata Hypoglycemic agent Mammalia Organic salt Hormonal investigation Mechanism of action Sourdough bread Glycemia Food
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Summary:	The possible effects of organic acids or an organic salt on the rate of gastric emptying was studied to identify the cause for reduced postmeal responses of blood glucose and insulin to foods containing such components, eg, sourdough bread. Paracetamol was included in bread products with added lactic acid or sodium propionate and used as a marker for the rate of gastric emptying in healthy subjects. In parallel, postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and satiety were evaluated. The influence of lactic acid, propionic acid, and sodium propionate was also studied in rats after they were tube-fed with glucose solutions. The bread products with lactic acid or sodium propionate both lowered blood glucose and insulin responses. The bread with sodium propionate also prolonged satiety. The reason for the lowered metabolic responses with sodium propionate was probably a lowered gastric emptying rate, as judged from reduced blood paracetamol concentrations; there was no such effect observed with bread with added lactic acid. A similar amount of lactic acid in solution tube-fed to rats did not affect the disappearance of glucose from the stomach. In contrast with the finding in humans, sodium propionate had no effect on the rate of gastric emptying in rats whereas an equimolar solution of propionic acid reduced gastric emptying rate in rats. Possibly, less of this acid was produced in the gastric contents after a bolus load of a sodium propionate solution (in rats) than in an eating situation. Also, the pH and/or the osmolarity may be important, and when provided in excessive amounts, lactic acid reduced the gastric emptying rate in rats. A hydrochloric acid solution of similar pH was much less effective in this respect.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0002-9165 1938-3207
DOI:	10.1093/ajcn/64.6.886