A CALPHAD-Informed Enthalpy Method for Multicomponent Alloy Systems with Phase Transitions

A CALPHAD-Informed Enthalpy Method for Multicomponent Alloy Systems with Phase Transitions

Solid–liquid phase transitions of metals and alloys play an important role in many technical processes. Therefore, corresponding numerical process simulations need adequate models. The enthalpy method is the current state-of-the-art approach for this task. However, this method has some limitations r...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Modelling Vol. 5; no. 1; pp. 367 - 391
Main Authors: Scherr, Robert, Liepold, Philipp, Markl, Matthias, Körner, Carolin
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-03-2024
Subjects:
Additive manufacturing
Algorithms
Alloy powders
Alloy systems
Alloys
CALPHAD
Electron beams
Enthalpy
enthalpy method
enthalpy of mixing
Equilibrium
Finite difference method
Heat
in situ alloying
lattice Boltzmann method
Liquid phases
Mathematical models
Melt pools
Melting
Phase diagrams
Phase transitions
powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
Powder beds
Robustness (mathematics)
Simulation
Solidification
Solids
Temperature
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Summary:Solid–liquid phase transitions of metals and alloys play an important role in many technical processes. Therefore, corresponding numerical process simulations need adequate models. The enthalpy method is the current state-of-the-art approach for this task. However, this method has some limitations regarding multicomponent alloys as it does not consider the enthalpy of mixing, for example. In this work, we present a novel CALPHAD-informed version of the enthalpy method that removes these drawbacks. In addition, special attention is given to the handling of polymorphic as well as solid–liquid phase transitions. Efficient and robust algorithms for the conversion between enthalpy and temperature were developed. We demonstrate the capabilities of the presented method using two different implementations: a lattice Boltzmann and a finite difference solver. We proof the correct behaviour of the developed method by different validation scenarios. Finally, the model is applied to electron beam powder bed fusion—a modern additive manufacturing process for metals and alloys that allows for different powder mixtures to be alloyed in situ to produce complex engineering parts. We reveal that the enthalpy of mixing has a significant effect on the temperature and lifetime of the melt pool and thus on the part properties.
ISSN:2673-3951
2673-3951
DOI:10.3390/modelling5010020