Regulatory Mechanism of MicroRNA Expression in Cancer

Altered gene expression is the primary molecular mechanism responsible for the pathological processes of human diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are virtually involved at the post-transcriptional level and bind to 3' UTR of their target messenger RNA (mRNA) to suppress expression....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 21; no. 5; p. 1723
Main Authors:	Ali Syeda, Zainab, Langden, Siu Semar Saratu', Munkhzul, Choijamts, Lee, Mihye, Song, Su Jung
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 03-03-2020 MDPI
Subjects:	Animals Breast cancer Cancer Deregulation DNA methylation Epigenesis, Genetic - genetics Epigenesis, Genetic - physiology epigenetic modification Epigenetics Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - genetics Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - physiology Gene loci Gene regulation genetic alterations Humans microrna microrna biogenesis MicroRNAs MicroRNAs - genetics MicroRNAs - metabolism miRNA Neoplasms - genetics Pathogenesis Post-transcription post-transcriptional regulation Review RNA, Messenger - genetics RNA, Messenger - metabolism Transcription factors epigenetic modification microRNA cancer microRNA biogenesis genetic alterations post-transcriptional regulation
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Summary:	Altered gene expression is the primary molecular mechanism responsible for the pathological processes of human diseases, including cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are virtually involved at the post-transcriptional level and bind to 3' UTR of their target messenger RNA (mRNA) to suppress expression. Dysfunction of miRNAs disturbs expression of oncogenic or tumor-suppressive target genes, which is implicated in cancer pathogenesis. As such, a large number of miRNAs have been found to be downregulated or upregulated in human cancers and to function as oncomiRs or oncosuppressor miRs. Notably, the molecular mechanism underlying the dysregulation of miRNA expression in cancer has been recently uncovered. The genetic deletion or amplification and epigenetic methylation of miRNA genomic loci and the transcription factor-mediated regulation of primary miRNA often alter the landscape of miRNA expression in cancer. Dysregulation of the multiple processing steps in mature miRNA biogenesis can also cause alterations in miRNA expression in cancer. Detailed knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in cancer is essential for understanding its physiological role and the implications of cancer-associated dysfunction and dysregulation. In this review, we elucidate how miRNA expression is deregulated in cancer, paying particular attention to the cancer-associated transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that execute miRNA programs.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI:	10.3390/ijms21051723