Beacon Success Rate versus Gateway Density in Sub-GHz Sensor Networks

Beacon Success Rate versus Gateway Density in Sub-GHz Sensor Networks

Multiple Gateways (GWs) provide network connectivity to Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in a Wide Area Network (WAN). The End Nodes (ENs) can connect to any GW by discovering and acquiring its periodic beacons. This provides GW diversity, improving coverage area. However, simultaneous periodic beac...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 23; p. 9530
Main Authors: Can, Başak, Karaoğlu, Bora, Potta, Srikar, Zhang, Franklin, Balanuta, Artur, Gencel, Muhammed Faruk, Bhat, Uttam, Huang, Johnny, Patankar, Pooja, Makharia, Shruti, Suryanarayanan, Radhakrishnan, Kandhalu, Arvind, Krishnamurthy Vijaya Shankar, Vinay Sagar
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 30-11-2023
Subjects:
Access control
Analysis
beacon collision
beacon interval
Carrier-to-Interference ratio
Communication
Connectivity
Efficiency
Energy consumption
frequency hopping
Frequency modulation
gateway
GFSK
Internet of Things
Radio frequency
Sensors
Simulation methods
Spectrum allocation
Success
Wide area networks
Internet of Things (IoT)
sensors
GFSK
latency
IEEE 802.15.4
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Carrier-to-Interference ratio
frequency hopping
beacon interval
gateway
beacon collision
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Summary:Multiple Gateways (GWs) provide network connectivity to Internet of Things (IoT) sensors in a Wide Area Network (WAN). The End Nodes (ENs) can connect to any GW by discovering and acquiring its periodic beacons. This provides GW diversity, improving coverage area. However, simultaneous periodic beacon transmissions among nearby GWs lead to interference and collisions. In this study, the impact of such intra-network interference is analyzed to determine the maximum number of GWs that can coexist. The paper presents a new collision model that considers the combined effects of the Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) layers. The model takes into account the partial overlap durations and relative power of all colliding events. It also illustrates the relationship between the collisions and the resulting packet loss rates. A performance evaluation is presented using a combination of analytical and simulation methods, with the former validating the simulation results. The system models are developed from experimental data obtained from field measurements. Numerical results are provided with Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation. This paper provides guidance on selecting GFSK modulation parameters for low bit-rate and narrow-bandwidth IoT applications. The analysis and simulation results show that larger beacon intervals and frequency hopping help in reducing beacon loss rates, at the cost of larger beacon acquisition latency. On the flip side, the gateway discovery latency reduces with increasing GW density, thanks to an abundance of beacons.
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ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s23239530