Gut feelings: the relations between depression, anxiety, psychotropic drugs and the gut microbiome

The gut microbiome is involved in the bi-directional relationship of the gut - brain axis. As most studies of this relationship are small and do not account for use of psychotropic drugs (PTDs), we explored the relations of the gut microbiome with several internalizing disorders, while adjusting for...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Gut microbes Vol. 15; no. 2; p. 2281360
Main Authors:	Brushett, S., Gacesa, R., Vich Vila, A., Brandao Gois, M.F., Andreu-Sánchez, S., Swarte, J.C., Klaassen, M.A.Y., Collij, V., Sinha, T., Bolte, L.A., Wu, J., Swertz, M., de Kroon, M.L.A., Reijneveld, S.A., Wijmenga, C., Weersma, R.K., Fu, J., van Loo, H.M., Kurilshikov, A., Zhernakova, A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Taylor & Francis 18-12-2023 Taylor & Francis Group
Subjects:	Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Depression Depressive Disorder, Major - drug therapy dysthymia Gastrointestinal Microbiome generalized anxiety disorder gut microbiome gut-brain axis Humans internalizing disorders major depressive disorder Psychotropic Drugs Research Paper gut microbiome internalizing disorders dysthymia major depressive disorder generalized anxiety disorder psychotropic drugs gut-brain axis
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Summary:	The gut microbiome is involved in the bi-directional relationship of the gut - brain axis. As most studies of this relationship are small and do not account for use of psychotropic drugs (PTDs), we explored the relations of the gut microbiome with several internalizing disorders, while adjusting for PTDs and other relevant medications, in 7,656 Lifelines participants from the Northern Netherlands (5,522 controls and 491 participants with at least one internalizing disorder). Disorders included dysthymia, major depressive disorder (MDD), any depressive disorder (AnyDep: dysthymia or MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and any anxiety disorder (AnyAnx: GAD, social phobia and panic disorder). Compared to controls, 17 species were associated with depressive disorders and 3 were associated with anxiety disorders. Around 90% of these associations remained significant (FDR <0.05) after adjustment for PTD use, suggesting that the disorders, not PTD use, drove these associations. Negative associations were observed for the butyrate-producing bacteria Ruminococcus bromii in participants with AnyDep and for Bifidobacterium bifidum in AnyAnx participants, along with many others. Tryptophan and glutamate synthesis modules and the 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid synthesis module (related to dopamine metabolism) were negatively associated with MDD and/or dysthymia. After additional adjustment for functional gastrointestinal disorders and irritable bowel syndrome, these relations remained either statistically (FDR <0.05) or nominally (P < 0.05) significant. Overall, multiple bacterial species and functional modules were associated with internalizing disorders, including gut - brain relevant components, while associations to PTD use were moderate. These findings suggest that internalizing disorders rather than PTDs are associated with gut microbiome differences relative to controls.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1949-0976 1949-0984 1949-0984
DOI:	10.1080/19490976.2023.2281360