Hordenine, a single compound produced during barley germination, inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes

•The effects of hordenine on melanogenesis were investigated.•Hordenine reduced melanin content and protein levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2.•Hordenine inhibited cAMP production and CREB phosphorylation.•The anti-melanogenic effects of hordenine was mediated through the inhibition of cAMP...

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Published in:	Food chemistry Vol. 141; no. 1; pp. 174 - 181
Main Authors:	Kim, Sang-Cheol, Lee, Jin-Hyunk, Kim, Moo-Han, Lee, Jung-A., Kim, Yum Beom, Jung, Eunsun, Kim, Young-Soo, Lee, Jongsung, Park, Deokhoon
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01-11-2013 Elsevier
Subjects:	Barley Biological and medical sciences Cyclic AMP - metabolism Down-Regulation - drug effects Germination Hordenine Hordeum - chemistry Hordeum - growth & development Hordeum - metabolism Humans Interferon Type I - genetics Interferon Type I - metabolism Malformations of the eye Medical sciences Melanins - biosynthesis Melanocytes - cytology Melanocytes - drug effects Melanocytes - metabolism Melanogenesis Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor - genetics Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor - metabolism Ophthalmology Oxidoreductases - genetics Oxidoreductases - metabolism Pregnancy Proteins - genetics Pregnancy Proteins - metabolism Tyramine - analogs & derivatives Tyramine - metabolism Tyramine - pharmacology Tyrosinase Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Barley Hordenine Melanogenesis Tyrosinase Human Transcription Germination Melanocyte Microphthalmia-associated transcription Congenital disease EC 1.14.18.1 Eye disease Malformation Cereal EC 1.10.3.1 factor Microphthalmia
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Summary:	•The effects of hordenine on melanogenesis were investigated.•Hordenine reduced melanin content and protein levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1 and TRP-2.•Hordenine inhibited cAMP production and CREB phosphorylation.•The anti-melanogenic effects of hordenine was mediated through the inhibition of cAMP signaling. Melanin plays an important role protecting skin against ultraviolet light injury. However, increased production and accumulation of melanin results in a large number of skin disorders. Here, we identified hordenine as an active compound from germinated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and investigated the effects of hordenine on melanogenesis and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal melanocytes. We measured melanin content, tyrosinase activity, expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, and cAMP production. Melanin content was significantly inhibited by hordenine. The intracellular cAMP level was also reduced by hordenine. In addition, expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), an upstream transcription factor of tyrosinase as well as tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2, was inhibited by hordenine. Taken together, these results show that hordenine inhibited melanogenesis by suppressing cAMP production, which is involved in the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins and suggest that hordenine may be an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation.
ISSN:	0308-8146 1873-7072
DOI:	10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.017