Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater of Karak District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Groundwater heavy metal pollution is a major concern all around the world. For the assessment of heavy metals and physico-chemical characteristics, groundwater samples were collected from different locations of the Karak District, Pakistan. With the help of the global information system device (GIS)...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences Vol. 70; no. 3; pp. 297 - 306
Main Authors:	Khana, Asif, Naeema, Muhammad, Zekkerb, Ivar, Arianc, Muhammad Balal, Michalskid, Greg, Zeeshana, Syed, Haqa, Hameed ul, Ikrama, Muhammad, Khana, Abbas, Subhana, Fazle, Janie, Yahya, Vincevica-Gailef, Zane, Zahoorg, Muhammad, Khanh, Idrees, Shaha, Muhammad Ishaq Ali
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Estonian Academy Publishers 01-01-2021
Subjects:	Anabolic steroids Analysis clusters analysis correlations Electrical conductivity Geographic information systems groundwater Heavy metals Water, Underground Pakistan India
Online Access:	Get full text
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Summary:	Groundwater heavy metal pollution is a major concern all around the world. For the assessment of heavy metals and physico-chemical characteristics, groundwater samples were collected from different locations of the Karak District, Pakistan. With the help of the global information system device (GIS), groundwater samples were collected and studied from 47 locations. The present study focused on the water table (WT), water source depth (WSD), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), lead (Pb(II)), silver (Ag(I)), iron (Fe(II)) and chromium (Cr(VI)) parameters. Heavy metals were analyzed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The Pearson's matrix of correlation showed relationships between several parameters, such as the EC and the TDS which had close interactions between all the three different groundwater samples (collected by hand pump (HP), bore holes (BH) and tube wells (TW)). The strong correlation was detected in all the sources of water between the TDS and the EC, the regression coefficient (r) of which was 1. In the hierarchical clustering (by dendrograms) the HP samples show two clusters: Cluster 1 contains seven parameters and Cluster 2 has four parameters. The BH samples have two clusters: Cluster 1 contains three parameters and Cluster 2 has eight parameters. The TW dendrogram also shows two clusters: Cluster 1 contains six parameters while Cluster 2 has five parameters. Key words: groundwater, clusters analysis, heavy metals, correlations.
ISSN:	1736-6046 1736-7530 1736-7530
DOI:	10.3176/proc.2021.3.08