Predictors of Prenatal Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Pakistan
Objective: To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Methods: Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan,...
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| Published in: | Frontiers in psychiatry Vol. 12; p. 584287 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A
10-09-2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Objective:
To determine the prevalence and association of prenatal depression with socioeconomic, demographic and personal factors among pregnant women living in Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Methods:
Five hundred women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, living in Kallar Syedan, a rural area of district Rawalpindi Pakistan, were included in the study. Depression was assessed using “Patient health questionnaire” (PHQ9) in Urdu, with a cut-off score of 10. Multi-dimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) was used to assess perceived social support. Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) were used to measure stressful life events in past 1 year. Tool to assess intimate partner violence (IPV) was based on WHO Multi Country Study on “Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women.”
Results:
Prevalence of prenatal depression was found to be 27%. Number of pregnancies was significantly associated with prenatal depression (
p
< 0.01). Women living in a joint family and those who perceived themselves as moderately satisfied or not satisfied with their life in the next 4 years were found to be depressed (
p
< 0.01, OR 6.9, CI 1.77–26.73). Depressive symptomatology in women who experienced more than five stressful life events in last 1 year was three times higher (
p
< 0.001, OR 3.2, CI 1.68–5.98) than in women with 1–2 stressful events. Women who were supported by their significant others or their family members had 0.9 times (
p
< 0.01, OR 0.9, CI 0.85–0.96) less chance of getting depressed. Pregnant women who were psychologically abused by their partners were 1.5 times more depressed (
p
< 0.05 CI 1.12–2.51). Odds of having depression was also high in women who had less mean score of MSSI (
p
< 0.05, OR 1.1, CI 1.01–1.09). Women who had suitable accommodation had 0.5 times less chance of having depression than others (
p
< 0.05, OR 0.5, CI 0.27–0.92).
Conclusion:
Over a quarter of the women in the study population reported prenatal depression, which were predicted predominantly by psychosocial variables. |
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| Bibliography: | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 This article was submitted to Mood and Anxiety Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry These authors have contributed equally to this work Edited by: Gianluca Rosso, University of Turin, Italy Reviewed by: Farah Lunat, Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Krishnamachari Srinivasan, St. John's Research Institute, India; Rahul Shidhaye, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, India |
| ISSN: | 1664-0640 1664-0640 |
| DOI: | 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.584287 |