An invasive disease, sylvatic plague, increases fragmentation of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies

A disease can be a source of disturbance, causing population declines or extirpations, altering species interactions, and affecting habitat structure. This is particularly relevant for diseases that affect keystone species or ecosystem engineers, leading to potentially cascading effects on ecosystem...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one Vol. 15; no. 7; p. e0235907
Main Authors:	Keuler, Krystal M, Bron, Gebbiena M, Griebel, Randall, Richgels, Katherine L D
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 23-07-2020 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Animal behavior Animal species Animals Biology and Life Sciences Colonies Cynomys ludovicianus Disease Outbreaks - veterinary Ecology and Environmental Sciences Ecosystem Ecosystem assessment Ecosystem disturbance Ecosystems Engineers Fragmentation Geology Grasslands Habitat changes Habitat fragmentation Habitat loss Habitats Infectious diseases Keystone species Medicine and Health Sciences National parks People and places Plague Plague - diagnosis Plague - epidemiology Plague - veterinary Population decline Prairie dogs Predation Rodent Diseases - diagnosis Rodent Diseases - epidemiology Rodents Sciuridae South Dakota - epidemiology Sylvatic plague Vegetation South Dakota Canada Buffalo Gap National Grassland United States > US
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Summary:	A disease can be a source of disturbance, causing population declines or extirpations, altering species interactions, and affecting habitat structure. This is particularly relevant for diseases that affect keystone species or ecosystem engineers, leading to potentially cascading effects on ecosystems. We investigated the invasion of a non-native disease, plague, to a keystone species, prairie dogs, and documented the resulting extent of fragmentation and habitat loss in western grasslands. Specifically, we assessed how the arrival of plague in the Conata Basin, South Dakota, United States, affected the size, shape, and aggregation of prairie dog colonies, an animal species known to be highly susceptible to plague. Colonies in the prairie dog complex were mapped every 1 to 3 years from 1993 to 2015. Plague was first confirmed in 2008 and we compared prairie dog complex and colony characteristics before and after the arrival of plague. As expected the colony complex and the patches in colonies became smaller and more fragmented after the arrival of plague; the total area of each colony and the mean area per patch within a colony decreased, the number of patches per colony increased, and mean contiguity of each patch decreased, leading to habitat fragmentation. We demonstrate how an emerging infectious disease can act as a source of disturbance to natural systems and lead to potentially permanent alteration of habitat characteristics. While perhaps not traditionally thought of as a source of ecosystem disturbances, in recent years emerging infectious diseases have shown to be able to have large effects on ecosystems if they affect keystone species.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Current address: University of Wisconsin–Madison, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Madison, WI, United States of America
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0235907