Glycan-Gold Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Probes for Multivalent Lectin–Carbohydrate Binding: Implications for Blocking Virus Infection and Nanoparticle Assembly

Multivalent lectin-glycan interactions are widespread in biology and are often exploited by pathogens to bind and infect host cells. Glycoconjugates can block such interactions and thereby prevent infection. The inhibition potency strongly depends on matching the spatial arrangement between the mult...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 142; no. 42; pp. 18022 - 18034
Main Authors:	Budhadev, Darshita, Poole, Emma, Nehlmeier, Inga, Liu, Yuanyuan, Hooper, James, Kalverda, Elizabeth, Akshath, Uchangi Satyaprasad, Hondow, Nicole, Turnbull, W. Bruce, Pöhlmann, Stefan, Guo, Yuan, Zhou, Dejian
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States American Chemical Society 21-10-2020
Subjects:	Binding Sites Carbohydrates - chemistry Carbohydrates - therapeutic use Gold - chemistry Gold - therapeutic use Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - drug therapy Humans Lectins - chemistry Lectins - therapeutic use Ligands Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry Molecular Probes - chemical synthesis Molecular Probes - chemistry Molecular Probes - therapeutic use Molecular Structure Polysaccharides - chemistry Polysaccharides - therapeutic use
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Summary:	Multivalent lectin-glycan interactions are widespread in biology and are often exploited by pathogens to bind and infect host cells. Glycoconjugates can block such interactions and thereby prevent infection. The inhibition potency strongly depends on matching the spatial arrangement between the multivalent binding partners. However, the structural details of some key lectins remain unknown and different lectins may exhibit overlapping glycan specificity. This makes it difficult to design a glycoconjugate that can potently and specifically target a particular multimeric lectin for therapeutic interventions, especially under the challenging in vivo conditions. Conventional techniques such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) can provide quantitative binding thermodynamics and kinetics. However, they cannot reveal key structural information, e.g., lectin’s binding site orientation, binding mode, and interbinding site spacing, which are critical to design specific multivalent inhibitors. Herein we report that gold nanoparticles (GNPs) displaying a dense layer of simple glycans are powerful mechanistic probes for multivalent lectin-glycan interactions. They can not only quantify the GNP-glycan-lectin binding affinities via a new fluorescence quenching method, but also reveal drastically different affinity enhancing mechanisms between two closely related tetrameric lectins, DC-SIGN (simultaneous binding to one GNP) and DC-SIGNR (intercross-linking with multiple GNPs), via a combined hydrodynamic size and electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, a new term, potential of assembly formation (PAF), has been proposed to successfully predict the assembly outcomes based on the binding mode between GNP-glycans and lectins. Finally, the GNP-glycans can potently and completely inhibit DC-SIGN-mediated augmentation of Ebola virus glycoprotein-driven cell entry (with IC50 values down to 95 pM), but only partially block DC-SIGNR-mediated virus infection. Our results suggest that the ability of a glycoconjugate to simultaneously block all binding sites of a target lectin is key to robust inhibition of viral infection.
ISSN:	0002-7863 1520-5126
DOI:	10.1021/jacs.0c06793