Shape and function of the diaphysis of the human tibia

Abstract There is an agreement about the principle that bones are optimized to resist daily loads. This has never been ascertained for the human tibia. One of the main load components in the tibia in vivo is a cantilever load (with a linearly varying bending moment, with its largest component in the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of biomechanics Vol. 46; no. 11; pp. 1882 - 1892
Main Authors:	Cristofolini, Luca, Angeli, Eva, Juszczyk, Jan M, Juszczyk, Mateusz M
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Ltd 26-07-2013 Elsevier Limited
Subjects:	Adult Bending Bending moments Biomechanical Phenomena Bones Cadaver Cross sections Cross-section Diaphysis Fractures Human Human tibia Humans Hypotheses Knee Load Mechanical strain Middle Aged Models, Anatomic Models, Biological Moment of area Motor ability Optimization Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Planes Resists Sports medicine Strain Stress, Mechanical Studies Tibia Tibia - anatomy & histology Tibia - diagnostic imaging Tibia - physiology Tomography, X-Ray Computed Weight-Bearing - physiology area of the cross-section (Table 1) strain gauges on the anterior side, from proximal to distal A digital imaging and communications in medicine (it is a standard for handling, storing, and transmitting medical images) second moments of inertia (Table 1) θ p I E_sagittal , I E_frontal polar moment of area (Table 1) BL ε 2 ε 1 angle of the principal planes (counter-clockwise) A1, A2…A7 HU polar moment of inertia (Table 1) Diaphysis Optimization body weight maximum principal strain BW P1, P2…P7 J E_polar Bending Moment of area second moments of area (Table 1) DICOM computed tomography section modulus, weighted by the local material properties (Table 1) Hounsfield unit L1, L2…L7 strain gauges on the medial side, from proximal to distal I sagittal, I frontal A E Human tibia area of the cross-section, weighted by the local material properties (Table 1) section modulus (Table 1) biomechanical length of the tibia J polar strain gauges on the posterior side, from proximal to distal CT S sagittal, S frontal minimum principal strain strain gauges on the lateral side, from proximal to distal Mechanical strain Cross-section S E_sagittal, S E_frontal M1, M2…M7 Isagittal, Ifrontal IE_sagittal, IE_frontal Jpolar ε1 ε2 SE_sagittal, SE_frontal AE JE_polar θp Ssagittal, Sfrontal A(E) S(E_sagittal), S(E_frontal) θ(p) S(sagittal), S(frontal) I(E_sagittal), I(E_frontal) I(sagittal), I(frontal) J(polar) ε J(E_polar)
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Summary:	Abstract There is an agreement about the principle that bones are optimized to resist daily loads. This has never been ascertained for the human tibia. One of the main load components in the tibia in vivo is a cantilever load (with a linearly varying bending moment, with its largest component in the sagittal plane). investigated if the cross-section of the diaphysis and its variation along the tibia make it an optimized structure with respect to such loads. Six cadaveric tibias were CT-scanned. The geometry and material properties were extracted from the CT-scans, and analyzed along the tibias. A linear variation along the tibia was found for the second moments of area and inertia, and the section modulus in the sagittal plane (slightly less linear in the frontal plane). Conversely, the other properties (polar moments and cross-section are) were much less linear. This suggests that the structure is optimized to resist a bending moment that varies linearly along the tibia. The tibias were instrumented with 28 triaxial straingauges each. Strain was measured under cantilever loading in the sagittal and frontal planes, under quasi-constant-bending in the sagittal and frontal planes, under torsional loading, and with an axial force. The strain distribution was remarkably uniform when cantilever loading was applied in the sagittal plane and slightly less uniform when cantilever loading was applied in the frontal plane. Strain variations were one order of magnitude larger for all other loading configurations. This shows that the tibia is a uniform-stress structure ( i.e. optimized) for cantilever loading.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0021-9290 1873-2380
DOI:	10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.04.026