Fermented dried Citrus unshiu peel extracts exert anti-inflammatory activities in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages and improve skin moisturizing efficacy in immortalized human HaCaT keratinocytes

Context: Citrus unshiu Markovich (Rutaceae) peel is known to contain high concentrations of flavonoids and exerts pharmacological effects on antioxidant, anti-inflammation, allergies, diabetes and viral infections. Objective: Very little is known about potential activity of fermented dried Citrus un...

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Published in:	Pharmaceutical biology Vol. 57; no. 1; pp. 392 - 402
Main Authors:	Kim, Chulwon, Ji, Jun, Ho Baek, Seung, Lee, Jong Hyun, Ha, In Jin, Lim, Soon Sung, Yoon, Hong Jae, Je Nam, Yun, Ahn, Kwang Seok
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Taylor & Francis 01-01-2019 Taylor & Francis Ltd Taylor & Francis Group
Subjects:	Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology Antioxidants Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis - metabolism Cell Line Citrus - chemistry Citrus - metabolism Citrus - microbiology Citrus unshiu Cyclooxygenase 2 - metabolism Cyclooxygenase-2 cytokine Cytokines Cytotoxicity Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Dinoprostone - metabolism Enzymes Fermented food Filaggrin Flavonoids Humans Hyaluronic acid Immunologic Factors - pharmacology Inflammation Interleukin 6 Keratin Keratinocytes Keratinocytes - drug effects Keratinocytes - metabolism Lipopolysaccharides Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology Macrophage Activation - drug effects Macrophages Macrophages - drug effects Medicine Mice moisturizing effect Nitric oxide Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II - metabolism Nitric-oxide synthase Plant extracts Plant Extracts - pharmacology Prostaglandin E2 Proteins RAW 264.7 Cells Skin Skin Cream - pharmacology Tumor necrosis factor-α Viral infections cytokine nitric oxide Inflammation moisturizing effect hyaluronic acid
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Summary:	Context: Citrus unshiu Markovich (Rutaceae) peel is known to contain high concentrations of flavonoids and exerts pharmacological effects on antioxidant, anti-inflammation, allergies, diabetes and viral infections. Objective: Very little is known about potential activity of fermented dried Citrus unshiu peel extracts (FCU) using Bacillus subtilis, as well as its mechanism of action. We investigated the effects of FCU on the anti-inflammatory activities in murine macrophages and moisturizing effects in human keratinocytes. Materials and methods: We isolated the Bacillus subtilis from Cheonggukjang and FCU using these Bacillus subtilis to prepare samples. The cells were pre-treated with various extracts for 2 h and then induced with LPS for 22 h. We determined the NO assay, TNF-α, IL-6 and PGE 2 in RAW 264.7 ells. The expression of SPT and Filaggrin by FCU treatment was measured in HaCaT cells. Result: We found that two types of FCU highly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) without exerting cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells (21.9 and 15.4% reduction). FCU inhibited the expression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 proteins and their mRNAs in a concentration-dependent manner. TNF-α (59 and 30.9% reduction), IL-6 (39.1 and 65.6% reduction), and PGE 2 secretion (78.6 and 82.5% reduction) were suppressed by FCU in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, FCU can induce the production of hyaluronic acid (38 and 38.9% induction) and expression of Filaggrin and SPT in HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Discussion and conclusion: FCU potentially inhibits inflammation, improves skin moisturizing efficacy, and it may be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation and dry skin.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this study.
ISSN:	1388-0209 1744-5116
DOI:	10.1080/13880209.2019.1621353