Phytoconstituents of Artemisia Annua as potential inhibitors of SARS CoV2 main protease: an in silico study

In November 2019, the world faced a pandemic called SARS-CoV-2, which became a major threat to humans and continues to be. To overcome this, many plants were explored to find a cure. Therefore, this research was planned to screen out the active constituents from Artemisia annua that can work against...

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Published in:	BMC infectious diseases Vol. 24; no. 1; pp. 495 - 19
Main Authors:	Irfan, Eraj, Dilshad, Erum, Ahmad, Faisal, Almajhdi, Fahad Nasser, Hussain, Tajamul, Abdi, Gholamreza, Waheed, Yasir
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 15-05-2024 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Amino acids Antiviral Agents - chemistry Antiviral Agents - pharmacology Artemether Artemisia Artemisia annua Artemisia annua - chemistry Artemisinin Artesunate Azithromycin Bronchitis Caffeic acid Carvone CB-dock Chemical properties Chronic illnesses Chrysoplenetin Complex systems Computer Simulation Control Coronavirus 3C Proteases - antagonists & inhibitors Coronavirus 3C Proteases - chemistry Coronavirus 3C Proteases - metabolism COVID-19 - virology COVID-19 Drug Treatment Dihydroartemisinin Drug development Enzymes Epidemics Glycoproteins Health aspects Humans Hydrogen bonds Identification and classification Lead compounds Ligands Molecular Docking Simulation Molecular Dynamics Simulation Molecular weight Pandemics Pharmacology Physiology Phytochemicals Phytochemicals - chemistry Phytochemicals - pharmacology Phytosterols Pinene Plant Extracts - chemistry Plant Extracts - pharmacology Protease Protease Inhibitors - chemistry Protease Inhibitors - pharmacology Proteases Proteinase Proteins Quercetin Quinic acid RNA polymerase Rutin SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - drug effects SARS-CoV-2 - enzymology Screening Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Simulation Software Testing Therapeutic targets Toxicity Vaccines Viral diseases Viruses Visualization Pakistan Chrysoplenetin SARS-CoV-2 Artemisia annua CB-dock Azithromycin
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Summary:	In November 2019, the world faced a pandemic called SARS-CoV-2, which became a major threat to humans and continues to be. To overcome this, many plants were explored to find a cure. Therefore, this research was planned to screen out the active constituents from Artemisia annua that can work against the viral main protease Mpro as this non-structural protein is responsible for the cleavage of replicating enzymes of the virus. Twenty-five biocompounds belonging to different classes namely alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, carvone, myrtenol, quinic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, rutin, apigenin, chrysoplenetin, arteannunin b, artemisinin, scopoletin, scoparone, artemisinic acid, deoxyartemisnin, artemetin, casticin, sitogluside, beta-sitosterol, dihydroartemisinin, scopolin, artemether, artemotil, artesunate were selected. Virtual screening of these ligands was carried out against drug target Mpro by CB dock. Quercetin, rutin, casticin, chrysoplenetin, apigenin, artemetin, artesunate, sopolin and sito-gluside were found as hit compounds. Further, ADMET screening was conducted which represented Chrysoplenetin as a lead compound. Azithromycin was used as a standard drug. The interactions were studied by PyMol and visualized in LigPlot. Furthermore, the RMSD graph shows fluctuations at various points at the start of simulation in Top1 (Azithromycin) complex system due to structural changes in the helix-coil-helix and beta-turn-beta changes at specific points resulting in increased RMSD with a time frame of 50 ns. But this change remains stable after the extension of simulation time intervals till 100 ns. On other side, the Top2 complex system remains highly stable throughout the time scale. No such structural dynamics were observed bu the ligand attached to the active site residues binds strongly. This study facilitates researchers to develop and discover more effective and specific therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections. Finally, chrysoplenetin was identified as a more potent drug candidate to act against the viral main protease, which in the future can be helpful.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1471-2334 1471-2334
DOI:	10.1186/s12879-024-09387-w