Bone mineral density and hip structure changes over one-year in collegiate distance runners and non-athlete controls

Modification of bone is continuous throughout life and influenced by many factors, including physical activity. This study investigated changes in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and hip structure among male and female collegiate distance runners and non-athlete controls over 12 months. Using dual...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Bone Reports Vol. 14; p. 101056
Main Authors:	Infantino, Nicole A., McCormack, William P., Almstedt, Hawley C.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Elsevier Inc 01-06-2021 Elsevier
Subjects:	Femur bone geometry Hip structure analysis Peak bone mass Stress fracture NN Peak bone mass Stress fracture DXA Femur bone geometry RDA Hip structure analysis CSA FFQ ANCOVA CSMI METs aBMD HSA BFLM Z EA BMI METs, metabolic equivalents FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire Z, Z-section modulus EA, energy availability NN, narrow neck BFLM, bone-free lean mass CSA, cross-sectional area BMI, body mass index CSMI, cross-sectional moment of inertia HSA, Hip Structure Analysis aBMD, areal bone mineral density RDA, recommended dietary allowance ANCOVA, analysis of covariance DXA, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
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Summary:	Modification of bone is continuous throughout life and influenced by many factors, including physical activity. This study investigated changes in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and hip structure among male and female collegiate distance runners and non-athlete controls over 12 months. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hip structure analysis (HSA) software, aBMD at the posterior-anterior (PA) and lateral spine, femoral neck, total hip (TH), whole body (WB), and bone geometry at the narrow neck (NN) of the femur was measured three times over 12 months. HSA included cross-sectional area (CSA), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and Z-section modulus (Z). Male runners had significantly higher aBMD at TH and WB and greater CSA, CSMI, and Z than male controls at the end of 12 months. Female controls had higher aBMD at the PA spine than female runners at the end of 12 months. Male runners had significant increases in aBMD at the PA (p = 0.003) and lateral spine (p = 0.002), and TH (p = 0.002), female runners had significant decreases in aBMD at TH (p = 0.015) and WB (p = 0.002), male controls had significant increases in aBMD at the PA spine (p < 0.001) and WB (p < 0.001), and female controls had significant decreases in aBMD at lateral spine and TH (p = 0.008) over the year. When applying covariates of bone-free lean mass and vitamin D, male distance runners demonstrated significant improvement in CSA (3.602 ± 0.139 vs. 3.675 ± 0.122 cm2, p = 0.05), CSMI (3.324 ± 0.200 to 3.467 ± 0.212 cm4, p < 0.05), and Z (1.81 ± 0.08 to 1.87 ± 0.08 cm3, p = 0.05) during the study. No other changes in hip structure occurred over the year. Distance running may be beneficial to aBMD and hip structure in college-age males but not females. Further research is needed on potential influences of weight-bearing activity, energy availability, and hormonal status on aBMD and hip structure in males and females.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2352-1872 2352-1872
DOI:	10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101056