Development of Leishmania vaccines： predicting the future from past and present experience
Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity infection. Resistance to infection is associated with from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic a T-helper-1 immune response that activates macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Conver...
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| Published in: | Journal of biomedical research Vol. 27; no. 2; pp. 85 - 102 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
China
Editorial Department of Journal of Biomedical Research
01-03-2013
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity infection. Resistance to infection is associated with from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic a T-helper-1 immune response that activates macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Conversely, disease progression is generally associated with a T-helper-2 response that activates humoral immunity. Current control is based on chemothera- peutic treatments which are expensive, toxic and associated with high relapse and resistance rates. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. Extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved by immunization with defined subunit vaccines or live-at- tenuated strains of Leishmania. However, to date, no vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Major impediments in Leishmania vaccine development include： lack of adequate funding from national and international agencies, problems related to the translation of data from animal models to human disease, and the transition from the laboratory to the field. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of protective immune responses and generation and maintenance of the immunological memory, an important but least-studied aspect of antiparasitic vaccine development, during Leishmania infection is needed. This review focuses on the progress of the search for an effective vaccine against human and canine leishmaniasis. |
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| Bibliography: | 32-1810/R Leishmaniasis is a disease that ranges in severity infection. Resistance to infection is associated with from skin lesions to serious disfigurement and fatal systemic a T-helper-1 immune response that activates macrophages to kill the intracellular parasite in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Conversely, disease progression is generally associated with a T-helper-2 response that activates humoral immunity. Current control is based on chemothera- peutic treatments which are expensive, toxic and associated with high relapse and resistance rates. Vaccination remains the best hope for control of all forms of the disease, and the development of a safe, effective and affordable antileishmanial vaccine is a critical global public-health priority. Extensive evidence from studies in animal models indicates that solid protection can be achieved by immunization with defined subunit vaccines or live-at- tenuated strains of Leishmania. However, to date, no vaccine is available despite substantial efforts by many laboratories. Major impediments in Leishmania vaccine development include： lack of adequate funding from national and international agencies, problems related to the translation of data from animal models to human disease, and the transition from the laboratory to the field. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of protective immune responses and generation and maintenance of the immunological memory, an important but least-studied aspect of antiparasitic vaccine development, during Leishmania infection is needed. This review focuses on the progress of the search for an effective vaccine against human and canine leishmaniasis. Joshua Muli Mutiso , John Chege Macharia , Maria Ndunge Kiio , James Maina Ichagichu , Hitler Rikoi , Michael Muita Gicheru （Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Karen, Nairobi 24481-00502, Kenya; b , Department of Zoologwal Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 43844-00100, Kenya. Received 17 June 2012, Revised 14 July 2012, Accepted 12 August 2012, Epub 30 September 2012） Leishmania, leishmaniasis, vaccine, immunization, immune response The authors reported no conflict of interest. |
| ISSN: | 1674-8301 |
| DOI: | 10.7555/JBR.27.20120064 |