Countrywide insecticide resistance monitoring and first report of the presence of the L1014S knock down resistance in Niger, West Africa

Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is the principal malaria vector control strategy adopted by Niger. To better inform on the most appropriate ITN to distribute, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Niger and its partners, conducted insecticide resistance monitoring in...

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Published in:	Malaria journal Vol. 21; no. 1; p. 385
Main Authors:	Soumaila, Hadiza, Hamani, Boubé, Arzika, Ibrahim Issa, Soumana, Amadou, Daouda, Abdoulaye, Daouda, Fatoumata Abdoulaye, Iro, Souleymane Mahaman, Gouro, Samira, Zaman-Allah, Maman Sani, Mahamadou, Izamné, Kadri, Saadou, Salé, Noura Maman, Hounkanrin, Wilfried, Mahamadou, Boubacar, Zamaka, Halima Naroua, Labbo, Rabiou, Laminou, Ibrahim Maman, Jackou, Hadiza, Idrissa, Sabiti, Coulibaly, Eric, Bahari-Tohon, Zilahatou, Mathieu, Els, Carlson, Jenny, Dotson, Ellen, Awolola, Taiwo Samson, Flatley, Cecilia, Chabi, Joseph
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 16-12-2022 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Acetylcholinesterase Africa, Western Alleles Animals Anopheles - genetics Bio-assays Bioassays Care and treatment Chlorfenapyr Community composition Cypermethrin Decision making Deltamethrin Diagnosis Disease control Disease prevention Distribution Dosage and administration Fatalities Gene frequency Human diseases Insecticide resistance Insecticide Resistance - genetics Insecticides Insecticides - pharmacology Land area Larvae Malaria Malaria - prevention & control Medical laboratories Mortality Mosquito Vectors - genetics Mosquitoes New generation ITNs Niger Nucleotide sequence Permethrin Permethrin - pharmacology Pesticide resistance Piperonyl butoxide Polymerase chain reaction Prevention Pyrethrins - pharmacology Pyrethroids Resistance mechanisms Species composition Susceptibility Synergism Vector-borne diseases Niger Africa, Western United States > US West Africa Insecticide resistance Malaria New generation ITNs Niger Resistance mechanisms
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Summary:	Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is the principal malaria vector control strategy adopted by Niger. To better inform on the most appropriate ITN to distribute, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Niger and its partners, conducted insecticide resistance monitoring in selected sites across the country. The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroid insecticides was investigated in a total of sixteen sites in 2019 and 2020, using 2-5-day-old adults reared from wild collected larvae per site. The susceptibility status, pyrethroid resistance intensity at 5 and 10 times the diagnostic concentrations, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism with diagnostic concentrations of deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin were assessed using WHO bioassays. Two doses (100 and 200 µg/bottle) of chlorfenapyr were tested using the CDC bottle assay method. Species composition and allele frequencies for knock-down resistance (kdr-L1014F and L1014S) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1 G119S) mutations were further characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). High resistance intensity to all pyrethroids tested was observed in all sites except for alpha-cypermethrin in Gaya and Tessaoua and permethrin in Gaya in 2019 recording moderate resistance intensity. Similarly, Balleyara, Keita and Tillabery yielded moderate resistance intensity for alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and Niamey V low resistance intensity against deltamethrin and permethrin in 2020. Pre-exposure to PBO substantially increased susceptibility with average increases in mortality between 0 and 70% for tested pyrethroids. Susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (100 µg/bottle) was recorded in all sites except in Tessaoua and Magaria where susceptibility was recorded at the dose of 200 µg/bottle. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant malaria vector species in most of the sites followed by An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis. The kdr-L1014S allele, investigated for the first time, was detected in the country. Both kdr-L1014F (frequencies [0.46-0.81]) and L1014S (frequencies [0.41-0.87]) were present in all sites while the ace-1 G119S was between 0.08 and 0.20. The data collected will guide the NMCP in making evidence-based decisions to better adapt vector control strategies and insecticide resistance management in Niger, starting with mass distribution of new generation ITNs such as interceptor G2 and PBO ITNs.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1475-2875 1475-2875
DOI:	10.1186/s12936-022-04410-4