Nocturnal whey protein ingestion impairs post-prandial glucose tolerance at breakfast

Nocturnal whey protein ingestion impairs post-prandial glucose tolerance at breakfast

Poor post-prandial glucose control is a risk factor for multiple health conditions. The second-meal effect refers to the progressively improved glycaemic control with repeated feedings, an effect which is achievable with protein ingestion at the initial eating occasion. The most pronounced glycaemic...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:British journal of nutrition Vol. 125; no. 6; pp. 669 - 677
Main Authors: Smith, Eleanor S., Adama, Emmanuel, Clayton, Keeley, Holbrey, James, Palubiski, Gabriel, Smith, Harry A., Gonzalez, Javier T., Betts, James A.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 28-03-2021
Subjects:
Appetite
Blood
Blood pressure
Body mass index
Carbohydrates
Diabetes
Energy expenditure
Energy intake
Glucose
Glucose tolerance
Heart rate
Human and Clinical Nutrition
Ingestion
Insulin
Laboratories
Lipid peroxidation
Lipids
Meals
Menstruation
Metabolism
Oxidation
Proteins
Questionnaires
Risk analysis
Risk factors
Risk management
Sleep
Whey
Whey protein
Amino acids
Carbohydrate
Second-meal effect
Sleep
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Summary:Poor post-prandial glucose control is a risk factor for multiple health conditions. The second-meal effect refers to the progressively improved glycaemic control with repeated feedings, an effect which is achievable with protein ingestion at the initial eating occasion. The most pronounced glycaemic response each day therefore typically occurs following breakfast, so the present study investigated whether ingesting protein during the night could improve glucose control at the first meal of the day. In a randomised crossover design, fifteen adults (seven males, eight females; age, 22 (sd 3) years; BMI, 24·0 (sd 2·8) kg/m2; fasting blood glucose, 4·9 (sd 0·5) mmol/l) woke at 04.00 (sd 1) hours to ingest 300 ml water with or without 63 g whey protein. Participants then completed a mixed-macronutrient meal tolerance test (1 g carbohydrate/kg body mass, 2356 (sd 435) kJ), 5 h 39 min following the nocturnal feeding. Nocturnal protein ingestion increased the glycaemic response (incremental AUC) to breakfast by 43·5 (sd 55·5) mmol × 120 min/l (P = 0·009, d = 0·94). Consistent with this effect, individual peak blood glucose concentrations were 0·6 (sd 1·0) mmol/l higher following breakfast when protein had been ingested (P = 0·049, d = 0·50). Immediately prior to breakfast, rates of lipid oxidation were 0·02 (sd 0·03) g/min higher (P = 0·045) in the protein condition, followed by an elevated post-prandial energy expenditure (0·38 (sd 0·50) kJ/min, P = 0·018). Post-prandial appetite and energy intake were similar between conditions. The present study reveals a paradoxical second-meal phenomenon whereby nocturnal whey protein feeding impaired subsequent glucose tolerance, whilst increasing post-prandial energy expenditure.
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ISSN:0007-1145
1475-2662
DOI:10.1017/S0007114520002901