Phylogeny and evolution of functional chloroplast retention in sacoglossan sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)

Phylogeny and evolution of functional chloroplast retention in sacoglossan sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia)

Sacoglossan sea slugs can “steal” plastids from their food algae to use for photosynthesis (kleptoplasty). The duration of functional kleptoplast retention differs among species, being categorized into (1) no functional retention (NR), (2) short-term retention (SR; shorter than 2 weeks), and (3) lon...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Organisms diversity & evolution Vol. 22; no. 2; pp. 419 - 429
Main Authors: Hirokane, Yu, Miyamoto, Ayaka, Kitaura, Jun, Nakano, Rie, Hirano, Yayoi M., Kawane, Masako, Yusa, Yoichi
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-06-2022
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:
Algae
Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography
Bayesian analysis
Biodiversity
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Chloroplasts
Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
Fluorimetry
Fluorometry
Gastropoda
Genes
Life Sciences
Marine molluscs
Original Article
Photosynthesis
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography
Plastids
Populations
Probability theory
Retention
Slugs
Species
Solar-powered sea slug
Kleptoplasty
Ancestral reconstruction
Photosynthesis
Sacoglossa
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Summary:Sacoglossan sea slugs can “steal” plastids from their food algae to use for photosynthesis (kleptoplasty). The duration of functional kleptoplast retention differs among species, being categorized into (1) no functional retention (NR), (2) short-term retention (SR; shorter than 2 weeks), and (3) long-term retention (LR; 2 weeks or longer). Although previous phylogenetic studies suggest that functional short- and long-term retention each originated multiple times, information on species inhabiting the Indo-West Pacific region, one of the areas with highest sacoglossan diversity, is still needed. We present a molecular phylogeny of > 200 sacoglossan species/populations (OTUs; including 38 newly sequenced ones) using four genes and both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. In addition, we newly measured the retention duration of photosynthesis by pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry for over 40 species/populations. The phylogenetic tree generally agreed with the preexisting trees, including the monophyly of Oxynooidea and Plakobranchidae. The measurement of PAM fluorometry has shown the presence of 19 species/populations with functional chloroplast retention, five of which being LR. Reconstruction of ancestral character states confirms multiple origins of SR and LR. At least one possible independent origin of LR is newly suggested.
ISSN:1439-6092
1618-1077
DOI:10.1007/s13127-021-00532-w