A Toll-receptor map underlies structural brain plasticity

Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber num...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	eLife Vol. 9
Main Authors:	Li, Guiyi, Forero, Manuel G, Wentzell, Jill S, Durmus, Ilgim, Wolf, Reinhard, Anthoney, Niki C, Parker, Mieczyslaw, Jiang, Ruiying, Hasenauer, Jacob, Strausfeld, Nicholas James, Heisenberg, Martin, Hidalgo, Alicia
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England eLife Science Publications, Ltd 18-02-2020 eLife Sciences Publications Ltd eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Subjects:	Animals Antidepressants Apoptosis Atrophy Brain Brain - cytology Brain - metabolism Brain - physiology Brain mapping Cell number CRISPR Critical period Cycling Depression (Mood disorder) Disease Diseases Drosophila Drosophila melanogaster - physiology Fruit flies (Tephritidae) Immune system Insects Mammals MyD88 protein Nervous system Neural stem cells Neurodegeneration Neurogenesis neuron Neuronal Plasticity - physiology Neurons Neurons - physiology Neuroscience Novels Overexpression Plasticity Progenitor cells Proteins structural plasticity Toll Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism Tolls Yorkie adult neurogenesis critical period Drosophila neuronal activity neuroscience neurodegeneration neuron brain MyD88 structural plasticity adul progenitor cells quiescence Yorkie D. melanogaster Toll wek
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Summary:	Experience alters brain structure, but the underlying mechanism remained unknown. Structural plasticity reveals that brain function is encoded in generative changes to cells that compete with destructive processes driving neurodegeneration. At an adult critical period, experience increases fiber number and brain size in . Here, we asked if Toll receptors are involved. Tolls demarcate a map of brain anatomical domains. Focusing on loss of function caused apoptosis, neurite atrophy and impaired behaviour. Toll-2 gain of function and neuronal activity at the critical period increased cell number. Toll-2 induced cycling of adult progenitor cells via a novel pathway, that antagonized MyD88-dependent quiescence, and engaged Weckle and Yorkie downstream. Constant knock-down of multiple synergistically reduced brain size. Conditional over-expression of and at the adult critical period increased brain size. Through their topographic distribution, Toll receptors regulate neuronal number and brain size, modulating structural plasticity in the adult brain.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Undergraduate Advising and Research, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.
ISSN:	2050-084X 2050-084X
DOI:	10.7554/elife.52743