REGULATORS OF APOPTOSIS ON THE ROAD TO PERSISTENT ALPHAVIRUS INFECTION

Alphavirus infection can trigger the host cell to activate its genetically programmed cell death pathway, leading to the morphological features of apoptosis. The ability to activate this death pathway is dependent on both viral and cellular determinants. The more virulent strains of alphavirus induc...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Annual review of microbiology Vol. 51; no. 1; pp. 565 - 592
Main Authors:	Griffin, Diane E, Hardwick, and J. Marie
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139 Annual Reviews 01-01-1997 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139 Annual Reviews, Inc USA
Subjects:	Alphavirus - pathogenicity Alphavirus - physiology Alphavirus Infections - virology Animals Apoptosis Biological and medical sciences Cell death Cysteine Endopeptidases - metabolism encephalitis Encephalitis, Viral - metabolism Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Humans Infection Mice Microbiology Proteins - metabolism Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 - metabolism Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor - metabolism Replicative cycle, interference, host-virus relations, pathogenicity, miscellaneous strains Sindbis Virus - pathogenicity Sindbis Virus - physiology Virology Virulence virus Virus diseases Virus Latency virus persistence Virus Replication Viruses X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Virus Encephalitis Regulation(control) Cell death Persistent infection Togaviridae Alphavirus Review Host virus relation Apoptosis
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Summary:	Alphavirus infection can trigger the host cell to activate its genetically programmed cell death pathway, leading to the morphological features of apoptosis. The ability to activate this death pathway is dependent on both viral and cellular determinants. The more virulent strains of alphavirus induce apoptosis with increased efficiency both in animal models and in some cultured cells. Although the immune system clearly plays a central role in clearing virus, the importance of other cellular factors in determining the outcome of virus infections are evident from the observation that mature neurons are better able to resist alphavirus-induced apoptosis than immature neurons are, both in culture and in mouse brains. These findings are consistent with the age-dependent susceptibility to disease seen in animals. Cellular genes that are known to regulate the cell death pathway can modulate the outcome of alphavirus infection in cultured cells and perhaps in animals. The cellular bax and bak genes, which are known to accelerate cell death, also accelerate virus-induced apoptosis. In contrast, inhibitors of apoptotic cell death such as bcl-2 suppress virus-induced apoptosis, which can facilitate a persistent virus infection. Thus, the balance of cellular factors that regulate cell death may be critical in virus infections. Additional viral factors also contribute to this balance. The more virulent strains of alphavirus have acquired the ability to induce apoptosis in mature neurons, while mature neurons are resistant to cell death upon infection with less virulent strains. Here we discuss a variety of cellular and viral factors that modulate the outcome of virus infection.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Feature-3 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	0066-4227 1545-3251
DOI:	10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.565