Cephalometric differences in grades II and IV adenoid hypertrophy: A cross-sectional study

Cephalometric differences in grades II and IV adenoid hypertrophy: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine whether there were cephalometric changes between grades II and IV adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 6–12-year-old patients selected from the ear, nose, and throat department at Imam Al-Hussein Medical Cit...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Orthodontic Science Vol. 13; no. 1; p. 35
Main Authors: Hammood, Afnan R., Saloom, Hayder F.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Mumbai Medknow Publications & Media Pvt. Ltd 01-09-2024
Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
Subjects:
Adenoid
adenoid hypertrophy
cephalometric radiograph
Cross-sectional studies
cross-sectional study
Hyoid bone
Hypertrophy
Mandible
mouth breather
Original
Orthodontics
Patients
Statistical analysis
Variance analysis
Vertebrae
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Summary:OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine whether there were cephalometric changes between grades II and IV adenoid hypertrophy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 120 6–12-year-old patients selected from the ear, nose, and throat department at Imam Al-Hussein Medical City in Karbala. Patients were classified into three groups (each = 40) based on endoscopic findings: control, grade II, and grade IV. The findings were confirmed with cephalometric radiographs. Specific cephalometric points were identified to measure sella-nasion-point A (SNA), sella-nasion-point B (SNB), point A-nasion-point B (ANB), sella-nasion-pogonion (SNPog), sella nasion plane-palatal plane (SNPP), palatal plane-mandibular plane (PPMP), sella nasion plane-mandibular plane (SNMP), saddle, articular, gonial angles, and the y -axis. Additionally, superior-posterior airway space (SPAS), posterior air way space (PAS), mandibular plane-hyoid bone (MP-H), third cervical vertebra-hyoid bone (C3-H), total anterior facial height (TAFH), total posterior facial height (TPFH), upper anterior facial height (UAFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), and the Jarabak ratio were measured. RESULTS: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Welch tests indicated statistically significant differences ( P < 0.05) among the three groups in SNA, SNB, SNPog, PPMP, SNMP, gonial angle, y -axis, SPAS, PAS, MP-H, and the Jarabak ratio. Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) and Games-Howell tests indicated a statistically significant difference between grade II and grade IV in SNA, SNMP, y -axis, SPAS, PAS, MP-H, and Jarabak ratio. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that craniofacial changes start to occur at the moderate adenoid enlargement throughout the downward backward mandibular rotation. More changes would become evident at the severe stage; therefore, an urgent medical intervention and the establishment of nasal breathing by orthodontic treatment with breathing activity would be needed.
ISSN:2278-1897
2278-0203
DOI:10.4103/jos.jos_20_24