Effects of Subacute Carvacrol Administration on Behavioral and Oxidative Stress Parameters During NaF Exposure
Purpose: Fluoride is an element found in the earth's crust that leaches into drinking water from sources where the rocks contain fluoride-rich minerals. Excessive fluoride exposure can lead to complications in various tissues and metabolism, particularly affecting dental and skeletal tissues al...
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| Published in: | Fluoride Vol. 57; no. 4; pp. 1 - 11 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dunedin
International Society for Fluoride Research, Inc
01-04-2024
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Purpose: Fluoride is an element found in the earth's crust that leaches into drinking water from sources where the rocks contain fluoride-rich minerals. Excessive fluoride exposure can lead to complications in various tissues and metabolism, particularly affecting dental and skeletal tissues alongside others. This study aimed to examine the impact of carvacrol (CAR), one of the main active compounds in thyme, on behavior and oxidative stress in sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure. In the current study, the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Barnes Maze tests were used to examine anxiety-like behaviors and spatial memory. Methods: Herein, 32 male Balb/C mice were divided into four groups: the Control group, CAR group: 20 mg/kg CAR intraperitoneally ( i.p.), NaF group: 50 ppm NaF (in tap water), and NaF+CAR group: 50 ppm NaF (in tap water) + CAR 20 mg/kg i.p. The treatments continued for 14 days. At the end of the protocol, the OFT, EPM test, and Barnes Maze test were conducted. Oxidative stress parameters [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA)J were examined in the brain, kidney, and liver tissues. Results: The oxidative stress data indicated significant changes caused by the NaF and CAR. In the liver and kidneys, the enzyme activity values of SOD and CAT decreased significantly in the NaF group compared to the control and CAR groups, while in the brain, the CAT enzyme activity significantly decreased in the NaF group compared to control and CAR groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of MDA, an important marker of lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in the liver and brain tissues of the NaF group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The behavioral study results indicated no significant difference in the EPM test but showed an increase in the number of rearing behaviors in the NaF group compared to the NaF+CAR group in the OFT, and a decrease in the grooming time in the NaF group compared to the CAR group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In the brain, kidney, and liver tissues, NaF exerted oxidative stress, as seen via the examined parameters (CAT, MDA, and SOD), while the CAR seemed to have an ameliorative effect against NaF-induced oxidative stress. The administration of NaF did not induce significant anxiety; on the contrary, the concomitant administration of NaF and CAR caused increased anxiety-like behaviors compared to the lone NaF exposure. |
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| ISSN: | 0015-4725 2253-4083 |