The Production of Nitric Oxide, IL-6, and TNF-Alpha in Palmitate-Stimulated PBMNCs Is Enhanced through Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

We examined nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF- α secretion from cultured palmitate-stimulated PBMNCs or in the plasma from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) patients or nondiabetic (ND) controls. Free fatty acids (FFA) have been suggested to induce chronic low-grade inflammation, activate the innate im...

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Published in:	Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Vol. 2014; no. 2014; pp. 1 - 12
Main Authors:	Veloso, Clara Araújo, Gonzaga, Raquel Miranda, Gomes, Pollyanna Stephanie, Abreu, Luana Farnese Machado, Volpe, Caroline Maria Oliveira, Nogueira-Machado, José Augusto
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cairo, Egypt Hindawi Publishing Corporation 01-01-2014
Subjects:	Aged Blood Glucose - analysis Cells, Cultured Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - metabolism Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - pathology Female Humans Hyperglycemia - metabolism Hyperglycemia - pathology Interleukin-6 - metabolism Leukocytes, Mononuclear - cytology Leukocytes, Mononuclear - drug effects Leukocytes, Mononuclear - metabolism Male Malondialdehyde - blood Middle Aged Nitric Oxide - metabolism Palmitates - pharmacology Signal Transduction - drug effects Triglycerides - blood Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism
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Summary:	We examined nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF- α secretion from cultured palmitate-stimulated PBMNCs or in the plasma from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) patients or nondiabetic (ND) controls. Free fatty acids (FFA) have been suggested to induce chronic low-grade inflammation, activate the innate immune system, and cause deleterious effects on vascular cells and other tissues through inflammatory processes. The levels of NO, IL-6, TNF- α , and MDA were higher in supernatant of palmitate stimulated blood cells (PBMNC) or from plasma from patients. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that hyperglycemia in diabetes exacerbates in vitro inflammatory responses in PBMNCs stimulated with high levels of SFA (palmitate). These results suggest that hyperglycemia primes PBMNCs for NO, IL-6, and TNF-alpha secretion under in vitro FFA stimulation are associated with the secretion of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetes. A combined therapy targeting signaling pathways activated by hyperglycemia in conjunction with simultaneous control of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia would be suggested for controlling the progress of diabetic complications.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Academic Editor: Daniela Giustarini
ISSN:	1942-0900 1942-0994
DOI:	10.1155/2014/479587