Multielectrode Arrays at Wafer-Level for Miniaturized Sensors Applications: Electrochemical Growth of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes

Multielectrode Arrays at Wafer-Level for Miniaturized Sensors Applications: Electrochemical Growth of Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes

In this study, a range of miniaturized Ag/AgCl reference electrodes with various layouts were successfully fabricated on wafer-level silicon-based substrates with metallic intermediate layers by precisely controlling the electrochemical deposition of Ag, followed by electrochemical chlorination of t...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 13; p. 6130
Main Authors: Wu, Haosheng, Krause, Robert, Gogoi, Eshanee, Reck, André, Graf, Alexander, Wislicenus, Marcus, Hild, Olaf R, Guhl, Conrad
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 04-07-2023
MDPI
Subjects:
Chemical composition
Chemical sensors
chlorination
Deposition
Design
Efficiency
Electric fields
Electrodes
Ions
Microelectrodes
Open circuit voltage
reference electrodes
Scanning electron microscopy
Sensors
Silicon
Silicon substrates
Silver
Silver - chemistry
Silver chloride
Silver Compounds - chemistry
silver/silver chloride
Stability
underlying metal layers
Germany
silver/silver chloride
underlying metal layers
chlorination
reference electrodes
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Summary:In this study, a range of miniaturized Ag/AgCl reference electrodes with various layouts were successfully fabricated on wafer-level silicon-based substrates with metallic intermediate layers by precisely controlling the electrochemical deposition of Ag, followed by electrochemical chlorination of the deposited Ag layer. The structure, as well as the chemical composition of the electrode, were characterized with SEM & EDS. The results showed that the chlorination is very sensitive to the applied electric field and background solution. Potentiostatic chlorination, in combination with an adjusted mushroom-shaped Ag sealing deposition, enabled the formation of electrochemical usable Ag/AgCl layers. The stability of the electrodes was tested using open circuit potential (OCP) measurement. The results showed that the reference electrodes stayed stable for 300 s under 3 M KCl solution. The first stage study showed that the stability of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode in a chip highly depends on chip size design, chlorination conditions, and a further protection layer.
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ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s23136130