Disease risk analysis in sea turtles: A baseline study to inform conservation efforts

The impact of a range of different threats has resulted in the listing of six out of seven sea turtle species on the IUCN Red List of endangered species. Disease risk analysis (DRA) tools are designed to provide objective, repeatable and documented assessment of the disease risks for a population an...

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Published in:	PloS one Vol. 15; no. 10; p. e0230760
Main Authors:	Mashkour, Narges, Jones, Karina, Kophamel, Sara, Hipolito, Teresa, Ahasan, Shamim, Walker, Grant, Jakob-Hoff, Richard, Whittaker, Maxine, Hamann, Mark, Bell, Ian, Elliman, Jennifer, Owens, Leigh, Saladin, Claire, Crespo-Picazo, Jose Luis, Gardner, Brett, Loganathan, Aswini Leela, Bowater, Rachel, Young, Erina, Robinson, David, Baverstock, Warren, Blyde, David, March, Duan, Eghbali, Maryam, Mohammadi, Maryam, Freggi, Daniela, Giliam, Jane, Hale, Mike, Nicolle, Nicholas, Spiby, Kevin, Wrobel, Daphne, Parga, Mariluz, Mobaraki, Asghar, Rajakaruna, Rupika, Hyland, Kevin P, Read, Mark, Ariel, Ellen, Munderloh, Ulrike Gertrud
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	San Francisco Public Library of Science 23-10-2020 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Animal diseases Anthropogenic factors Aquariums Aquatic reptiles Baseline studies Biology and Life Sciences Caretta caretta Chelonia mydas Conferences Conservation Conservation organizations Contaminants Cultural factors Dermochelys coriacea Disease Diseases Earth Sciences Endangered & extinct species Endangered species Engineering and Technology Eretmochelys imbricata Hazard assessment Health hazards Health risks Human influences Immunosuppression Lepidochelys kempii Lepidochelys olivacea Medicine and Health Sciences Natator depressus Oceans Population decline Protection and preservation Public health Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk factors Risk management Sea turtles Social factors Translocation Veterinary medicine Veterinary surgeons Wildlife conservation Workshops Australia New Zealand Iran Queensland Australia South Africa Malaysia United Arab Emirates Dubai United Arab Emirates Spain
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Summary:	The impact of a range of different threats has resulted in the listing of six out of seven sea turtle species on the IUCN Red List of endangered species. Disease risk analysis (DRA) tools are designed to provide objective, repeatable and documented assessment of the disease risks for a population and measures to reduce these risks through management options. To the best of our knowledge, DRAs have not previously been published for sea turtles, although disease is reported to contribute to sea turtle population decline. Here, a comprehensive list of health hazards is provided for all seven species of sea turtles. The possible risk these hazards pose to the health of sea turtles were assessed and "One Health" aspects of interacting with sea turtles were also investigated. The risk assessment was undertaken in collaboration with more than 30 experts in the field including veterinarians, microbiologists, social scientists, epidemiologists and stakeholders, in the form of two international workshops and one local workshop. The general finding of the DRA was the distinct lack of knowledge regarding a link between the presence of pathogens and diseases manifestation in sea turtles. A higher rate of disease in immunocompromised individuals was repeatedly reported and a possible link between immunosuppression and environmental contaminants as a result of anthropogenic influences was suggested. Society based conservation initiatives and as a result the cultural and social aspect of interacting with sea turtles appeared to need more attention and research. A risk management workshop was carried out to acquire the insights of local policy makers about management options for the risks relevant to Queensland and the options were evaluated considering their feasibility and effectiveness. The sea turtle DRA presented here, is a structured guide for future risk assessments to be used in specific scenarios such as translocation and head-starting programs.
Bibliography:	Competing Interests: NO authors have competing interests.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0230760