Clinical and Pathologic Responses of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and Fish Crows (C ossifragus) to Experimental West Nile Virus Infection

West Nile virus (WNV)-associated disease has a range of clinical manifestations among avian taxa, the reasons for which are not known. Species susceptibility varies within the avian family Corvidae, with estimated mortality rates ranging from 50 to 100%. We examined and compared virologic, immunolog...

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Published in:	Veterinary pathology Vol. 48; no. 6; pp. 1061 - 1074
Main Authors:	Nemeth, N. M., Thomsen, B. V., Spraker, T. R., Benson, J. M., Bosco-Lauth, A. M., Oesterle, P. T., Bright, J. M., Muth, J. P., Campbell, T. W., Gidlewski, T. L., Bowen, R. A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01-11-2011
Subjects:	Animals Animals, Wild Antibodies, Viral - blood Antigens, Viral - blood Bird Diseases - mortality Bird Diseases - pathology Bird Diseases - virology Corvidae Corvus brachyrhynchos Crows - virology Electrocardiography - veterinary Feces - virology Species Specificity Viremia - veterinary Virus Replication West Nile Fever - mortality West Nile Fever - pathology West Nile Fever - veterinary West Nile Fever - virology West Nile virus West Nile virus - immunology West Nile virus - isolation & purification West Nile virus - physiology crow pathology experimental inoculation West Nile virus bird
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Summary:	West Nile virus (WNV)-associated disease has a range of clinical manifestations among avian taxa, the reasons for which are not known. Species susceptibility varies within the avian family Corvidae, with estimated mortality rates ranging from 50 to 100%. We examined and compared virologic, immunologic, pathologic, and clinical responses in 2 corvid species, the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and the fish crow (C ossifragus), following experimental WNV inoculation. Unlike fish crows, which remained clinically normal throughout the study, American crows succumbed to WNV infection subsequent to dehydration, electrolyte and pH imbalances, and delayed or depressed humoral immune responses concurrent with marked, widespread virus replication. Viral titers were approximately 3,000 times greater in blood and 30,000 to 50,000 times greater in other tissues (eg, pancreas and small intestine) in American crows versus fish crows. Histologic lesion patterns and antigen deposition supported the differing clinical outcomes, with greater severity and distribution of lesions and WNV antigen in American crows. Both crow species had multiorgan necrosis and inflammation, although lesions were more frequent, severe, and widespread in American crows, in which the most commonly affected tissues were small intestine, spleen, and liver. American crows also had inflammation of vessels and nerves in multiple tissues, including heart, kidney, and the gastrointestinal tract. WNV antigen was most commonly observed within monocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the reticuloendothelial system of affected tissues. Collectively, the data support that WNV-infected American crows experience uncontrolled systemic infection leading to multiorgan failure and rapid death.
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ISSN:	0300-9858 1544-2217
DOI:	10.1177/0300985811398249