Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

Advancements in Vaccine Adjuvants: The Journey from Alum to Nano Formulations

Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Vaccines (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 11; p. 1704
Main Authors: Moni, Sivakumar S, Abdelwahab, Siddig Ibrahim, Jabeen, Aamena, Elmobark, Mohamed Eltaib, Aqaili, Duaa, Ghoal, Gassem, Oraibi, Bassem, Farasani, Abdulla Mohammed, Jerah, Ahmed Ali, Alnajai, Mahdi Mohammed A, Mohammad Alowayni, Abdul Majeed Hamad
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-11-2023
Subjects:
Adjuvants
Aluminum
Analysis
Antibodies
Antigens
B cells
BCG
BCG vaccines
Cytotoxicity
Disease control
Dosage and administration
DPT vaccine
Global health
Immune response
Immune system
Infectious diseases
Innovations
liposomes
Medical care, Cost of
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
mineral salts
nano vesicles
Nanoparticles
Pathogens
Public health
Response rates
Smallpox
Smallpox vaccine
Technological change
Tetanus antitoxin
Vaccination
vaccine adjuvants
Vaccine efficacy
Vaccines
virus-like particles
World health
Germany
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Summary:Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
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ISSN:2076-393X
2076-393X
DOI:10.3390/vaccines11111704