Possible therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and its thymoquinone on COVID-19

COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that causes a severe infection in the respiratory system. Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) is an annual flowering plant used traditionally as a natural food supplement and multipurpose medicinal agent. The possible beneficial effects of N. sativa, and its constituent...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Pharmaceutical biology Vol. 59; no. 1; pp. 694 - 701
Main Authors:	Khazdair, Mohammad Reza, Ghafari, Shoukouh, Sadeghi, Mahmood
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Taylor & Francis 01-01-2021 Taylor & Francis Ltd Taylor & Francis Group
Subjects:	Animals anti-inflammatory Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology Antiviral activity Antiviral Agents - isolation & purification Antiviral Agents - pharmacology antiviral effects Benzoquinones - isolation & purification Benzoquinones - pharmacology Bronchodilators Clinical trials Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 - metabolism COVID-19 - virology COVID-19 Drug Treatment Cytokines - metabolism Dietary supplements Flowering Humans Immune System - drug effects Immune System - immunology Immune System - metabolism Immune System - virology Immunoglobulin G Immunomodulation Inflammation Inflammation Mediators - metabolism Interleukin 12 Interleukin 2 Interleukin 4 Interleukin 6 Literature reviews Lung - drug effects Lung - immunology Lung - metabolism Lung - virology medicinal plant Medicinal plants Nigella sativa Nigella sativa - chemistry Plant Extracts - isolation & purification Plant Extracts - pharmacology Respiratory function Respiratory system Review SARS-CoV-2 - drug effects SARS-CoV-2 - immunology SARS-CoV-2 - pathogenicity Serum levels γ-Interferon anti-inflammatory antiviral effects medicinal plant Immunomodulation
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Summary:	COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus that causes a severe infection in the respiratory system. Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) is an annual flowering plant used traditionally as a natural food supplement and multipurpose medicinal agent. The possible beneficial effects of N. sativa, and its constituent, thymoquinone (TQ) on COVID-19 were reviewed. The key words including, COVID-19, N. sativa, thymoquinone, antiviral effects, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in different databases such as Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched from 1990 up to February 2021. The current literature review showed that N. sativa and TQ reduced the level of pro-inflammatory mediators including, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12, while enhancing IFN-γ. Nigella sativa and TQ increased the serum levels of IgG1 and IgG2a, and improved pulmonary function tests in restrictive respiratory disorders. These preliminary data of molecular docking, animal, and clinical studies propose N. sativa and TQ might have beneficial effects on the treatment or control of COVID-19 due to antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties as well as bronchodilatory effects. The efficacy of N. sativa and TQ on infected patients with COVID-19 in randomize clinical trials will be suggested.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	1388-0209 1744-5116 1744-5116
DOI:	10.1080/13880209.2021.1931353