Mobility of inorganic and organic phosphorus forms under different levels of phosphate and poultry litter fertilization in soils
The eutrophication of aquifers is strongly linked to the mobility of P in soils. Although P mobility was considered irrelevant in a more distant past, more recent studies have shown that P, both in organic (Po) and inorganic forms (Pi), can be lost by leaching and eluviation through the soil profile...
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| Published in: | Revista brasileira de ciência do solo Vol. 34; no. 4; pp. 1195 - 1205 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sociedade Brasileira de Ciência do Solo
01-08-2010
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | The eutrophication of aquifers is strongly linked to the mobility of P in soils. Although P mobility was considered irrelevant in a more distant past, more recent studies have shown that P, both in organic (Po) and inorganic forms (Pi), can be lost by leaching and eluviation through the soil profile, particularly in less weathered and/or sandier soils with low P adsorption capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine losses of P forms by leaching and eluviation from soil columns. Each column consisted of five PVC rings (diameter 5 cm, height 10 cm), filled with two soil types: a clayey Red-Yellow Latosol and a sandy loam Red-Yellow Latosol, which were exposed to water percolation. The soils were previously treated with four P rates (as KH2PO4 ) to reach 0, 12.5, 25.0 and 50 % of the maximum P adsorption capacity (MPAC). The P source was homogenized with the whole soil volume and incubated for 60 days. After this period the soils were placed in the columns; the soil of the top ring was mixed with five poultry litter rates of 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 t ha-1 (dry weight basis). Treatments consisted of a 4 x 5 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to four MPAC levels, five poultry litter rates, two soils, with three replications, arranged in a completely randomized block design. Deionized water was percolated through the columns 10 times in 35 days to simulate about 1,200 mm rainfall. In the leachate of each column the inorganic P (reactive P, Pi) and organic P forms (unreactive P, Po) were determined. At the end of the experiment, the columns were disassembled and P was extracted with the extractants Mehlich-1 (HCl 0.05 mol L-1 and H2SO4 0.0125 mol L-1) and Olsen (NaHCO3 0.5 mol L-1; pH 8.5) from the soil of each ring. The Pi and Po fractions were measured by the Olsen extractant. It was found that under higher poultry litter rates the losses of unreactive P (Po) were 6.4 times higher than of reactive P (Pi). Both the previous P fertilization and increasing poultry litter rates caused a vertical movement of P down the soil columns, as verified by P concentrations extracted by Mehlich-1 and NaHCO3 (Olsen). The environmental critical level (ECL), i.e., the P soil concentration above which P leaching increases exponentially, was 100 and 150 mg dm-3 by Mehlich-1 and 40 and 60 mg dm-3 by Olsen, for the sandy loam and clay soils, respectively. In highly weathered soils, where residual P is accumulated by successive crops, P leaching through the profile can be significant, particularly when poultry litter is applied as fertilizer.
A eutroficação de aquíferos está fortemente ligada à mobilidade de P nos solos. Embora essa mobilidade tenha sido considerada, num passado mais distante, como inexpressiva, estudos mais recentes têm mostrado que o P, tanto na forma orgânica (Po) quanto na inorgânica (Pi), pode se perder por percolação e eluviação de partículas através do perfil de solos, particularmente naqueles menos intemperizados e, ou, arenosos com menor adsorção de P. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar perdas por lixiviação e eluviação de formas de P em colunas de solos, constituídas por cinco anéis de PVC sobrepostos, com 5 cm de diâmetro e 10 cm de altura cada, submetidas a fluxos de percolação de água. Foram utilizadas amostras de dois Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos, texturas argilosa e média. Os solos receberam, previamente, quatro doses de P na forma de KH2PO4, correspondentes a 0; 12,5; 25 e 50 % da capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP), homogeneizadas com todo o volume de solo das colunas e deixados em incubação por 60 dias. No anel superior, aplicou-se, homogeneamente, cama de aviário nas doses equivalentes a 0, 20, 40, 80 e 160 t ha-1; com base no peso do material seco. O experimento foi constituído pelo esquema fatorial: quatro níveis da CMAP, cinco doses de cama de aviário, dois solos, com três repetições dispostas em blocos casualizados. As colunas foram submetidas a 10 percolações com água deionizada, em duas aplicações semanais, durante 35 dias, de modo que se atingisse um volume aproximado de 1.200 mm. Nos lixiviados de cada coluna, foram determinados: P reativo (Pi) e P não reativo (Po). No final do experimento, o P no solo de cada anel foi extraído com Mehlich-1 e com NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1; pH 8,5 (Olsen), sendo determinadas, para este último extrator, as formas Pi e Po. Com o aumento das doses aplicadas de cama de aviário, as perdas de P por lixiviação foram, em média, 6,4 vezes maiores na forma de P não reativo (Po) que no P-reativo (Pi). Tanto a fertilização mineral prévia com P quanto a aplicação de doses crescentes de cama de aviário causaram movimentação descendente de P nas colunas de solo, extraído tanto pelo Mehlich-1 quanto pelo NaHCO3 (Olsen). O nível crítico ambiental (NCA), teor de P disponível no solo acima do qual a percolação de P-reativo aumenta exponencialmente, foi de 100 e 150 mg dm-3 para o Mehlich-1 e de 40 e 60 mg dm-3 para o Olsen, para os solos de textura média e argilosa, respectivamente. Em solos intemperizados, com acúmulo de P residual ao longo dos cultivos, as perdas de P por lixiviação no perfil podem ser significativas, de modo particular quando fertilizados com cama de aviário. |
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| Bibliography: | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-06832010000400019&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt |
| ISSN: | 0100-0683 0100-0683 |
| DOI: | 10.1590/S0100-06832010000400019 |