High insecticide resistance intensity of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and low efficacy of pyrethroid LLINs in Accra, Ghana

Insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) against public health insecticides is increasingly reported in Ghana and need to be closely monitored. This study investigated the intensity of insecticide resistance of An. gambiae (s.l.) found in a vegetable growing area in Accra, Ghana, where ins...

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Published in:	Parasites & vectors Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 299
Main Authors:	Pwalia, Rebecca, Joannides, Joannitta, Iddrisu, Alidu, Addae, Charlotte, Acquah-Baidoo, Dominic, Obuobi, Dorothy, Amlalo, Godwin, Akporh, Samuel, Gbagba, Sampson, Dadzie, Samuel K, Athinya, Duncan K, Hadi, Melinda P, Jamet, Helen Pates, Chabi, Joseph
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 13-06-2019 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Agricultural chemicals Agriculture Animals Anopheles Anopheles gambiae Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) Aquatic insects Assaying Bio-assays Bioassays Biological Assay Biological assays Carbamate pesticides Carbamates Carbamates (tradename) CDC bottle assay Chlorine compounds Colonies Current distribution Diagnostic systems DNA Drug resistance Female Fertilizers Ghana - epidemiology Global positioning systems GPS Herbicides High resistance Impact resistance Insecticide Resistance Insecticide-Treated Bednets - standards Insecticides Intensity assay Larva Larvae Low resistance Malaria Malaria - epidemiology Malaria - prevention & control Metabolism Methods Mortality Mosquito Control - methods Mosquito Control - standards Mosquitoes Mutation Nets Nucleotide sequence Organic chlorine compounds Organic compounds Organochlorine pesticides PCR Pesticide resistance Pesticides Plant protection Public health Pyrethrins Pyrethroids Sodium channels (voltage-gated) Survival Tubes Urban farming Vegetables WHO susceptibility test World Health Organization Ghana Burkina Faso WHO susceptibility test Insecticide resistance Intensity assay Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) CDC bottle assay
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Summary:	Insecticide resistance of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) against public health insecticides is increasingly reported in Ghana and need to be closely monitored. This study investigated the intensity of insecticide resistance of An. gambiae (s.l.) found in a vegetable growing area in Accra, Ghana, where insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers are massively used for plant protection. The bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) currently distributed in the country was also assessed to delimitate the impact of the insecticide resistance intensity on the effectiveness of those nets. Three- to five-day-old adult mosquitoes that emerged from collected larvae from Opeibea, Accra (Ghana), were assayed using CDC bottle and WHO tube intensity assays against different insecticides. The Vgsc-L1014F and ace-1 mutations within the population were also characterized using PCR methods. Furthermore, cone bioassays against different types of LLINs were conducted to evaluate the extent and impact of the resistance of An. gambiae (s.l.) from Opeibea. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Opeibea were resistant to all the insecticides tested with very low mortality observed against organochlorine, carbamates and pyrethroid insecticides using WHO susceptibility tests at diagnostic doses during three consecutive years of monitoring. The average frequencies of Vgsc-1014F and ace-1 in the An. gambiae (s.l.) population tested were 0.99 and 0.76, respectively. The intensity assays using both CDC bottle and WHO tubes showed high resistance intensity to pyrethroids and carbamates with survivals at 10× the diagnostic doses of the insecticides tested. Only pirimiphos methyl recorded a low resistance intensity with 100% mortality at 5× the diagnostic dose. The bioefficacy of pyrethroid LLINs ranged from 2.2 to 16.2% mortality while the PBO LLIN, PermaNet 3.0, was 73%. WHO susceptibility tests using the diagnostic doses described the susceptibility status of the mosquito colony while CDC bottle and WHO tube intensity assays showed varying degrees of resistance intensity. Although both methods are not directly comparable, the indication of the resistance intensity showed the alarming insecticide resistance intensity in Opeibea and its surroundings, which could have an operational impact on the efficacy of vector control tools and particularly on pyrethroid LLINs.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1756-3305 1756-3305
DOI:	10.1186/s13071-019-3556-y