Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been dramatically expanding in popularity as a new generation of environmentally friendly solvents with possible applications in various industrial fields, but their ecological footprint has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, three choline...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol. 112; pp. 46 - 53
Main Authors: Radošević, Kristina, Cvjetko Bubalo, Marina, Gaurina Srček, Višnje, Grgas, Dijana, Landeka Dragičević, Tibela, Radojčić Redovniković, Ivana
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 01-02-2015
Subjects:
Animals
Biodegradability
Biotechnology
Chlorides
Choline
Choline - toxicity
Choline chloride
Deep eutectic solvents
Fish
Glucose - metabolism
Glycerol - metabolism
Hydrogen Bonding
In vitro testing
In vitro toxicity
Oxalic Acid - metabolism
Phytotoxicity
Solvents
Solvents - toxicity
Toxicity
Triticum - drug effects
Triticum aestivum
Waste Water - microbiology
Choline chloride
In vitro toxicity
Phytotoxicity
Deep eutectic solvents
Biodegradability
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Summary:Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been dramatically expanding in popularity as a new generation of environmentally friendly solvents with possible applications in various industrial fields, but their ecological footprint has not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the present study, three choline chloride-based DESs with glucose, glycerol and oxalic acid as hydrogen bond donors were evaluated for in vitro toxicity using fish and human cell line, phytotoxicity using wheat and biodegradability using wastewater microorganisms through closed bottle test. Obtained in vitro toxicity data on cell lines indicate that choline chloride: glucose and choline chloride:glycerol possess low cytotoxicity (EC50>10mM for both cell lines) while choline chloride:oxalic acid possess moderate cytotoxicity (EC50 value 1.64mM and 4.19mM for fish and human cell line, respectively). Results on phytotoxicity imply that tested DESs are non-toxic with seed germination EC50 values higher than 5000mgl−1. All tested DESs were classified as′readily biodegradable′ based on their high levels of mineralization (68–96%). These findings indicate that DESs have a green profile and a good prospect for a wider use in the field of green technologies. •Cytotoxicity, phytotoxicity and biodegradability of DESs were studied.•Tested DESs possess low to moderate cytotoxicity.•Tested DESs possess low phytotoxicity.•Tested DESs were classified as ‘readily biodegradable′.•The DESs have a potential green profile and a good prospect for a wider use.
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ISSN:0147-6513
1090-2414
DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.034