Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions in organic and conventional avocado orchards in Mexico

•Total energy use, energy ratios and GHG emissions are similar in both systems.•Both systems depend heavily on fossil fuel input, machinery and N-fertilizer.•Organic orchards use significantly higher renewable energy than conventional ones.•There is high heterogeneity in management practices among o...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Ecological indicators Vol. 43; pp. 281 - 287
Main Authors:	Astier, Marta, Merlín-Uribe, Yair, Villamil-Echeverri, Laura, Garciarreal, Alfredo, Gavito, Mayra E., Masera, Omar R.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam Elsevier Ltd 01-08-2014 Elsevier
Subjects:	Agriculture Air pollution Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Avocado Biological and medical sciences Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Crops Emission analysis Energy Fossil fuels Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects GHG Greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases International trade Mexico Orchards Organic farming Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking Persea americana Synecology Central America Mexico America Avocado Mexico Agriculture Organic farming Energy GHG Gas emission Persea americana Ecological indicator Conventional agriculture Energy balance Orchard Organic agriculture Dicotyledones Greenhouse gas Angiospermae Spermatophyta Lauraceae Environmental monitoring Environmental protection
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Summary:	•Total energy use, energy ratios and GHG emissions are similar in both systems.•Both systems depend heavily on fossil fuel input, machinery and N-fertilizer.•Organic orchards use significantly higher renewable energy than conventional ones.•There is high heterogeneity in management practices among orchards.•Direct GHG emissions from fuel use and N-fertilizer are similar in both systems. There is a worldwide growing awareness of the negative impacts of the increasing fossil fuel reliance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture, in particular for intensive crop systems. We analyze the energy balances and greenhouse gas emissions from export-oriented avocado orchards in Mexico. Avocado is a very important export crop and one of the main drivers of land-use change in the country. We compared 12 avocado orchards under organic and conventional management during two production cycles (2010 and 2011) in a representative region of Central Mexico. Our analysis shows no significant differences in energy consumption and GHG emissions between organic and conventional systems with 55 and 56GJha−1, and 3.30tCO2equiv.ha−1 and 3.57tCO2equiv.ha−1, respectively. Organic systems show three times more use of renewable energy than their conventional counterparts. However both systems depend heavily on fossil fuel inputs, machinery and N-fertilizers (synthetic or organic). Also, there is a high heterogeneity in management practices and input application within both systems, which is reflected in a large variation of their energy-related parameters. Given that avocado production is rapidly expanding in Mexico, a move toward organic production without systematically changing toward less fossil fuel dependent agricultural practices would not be sufficient to ensure a sustainable production.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1470-160X 1872-7034
DOI:	10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.03.002