Metal Emissions and Urban Incident Parkinson Disease: A Community Health Study of Medicare Beneficiaries by Using Geographic Information Systems

Parkinson disease associated with farming and exposure to agricultural chemicals has been reported in numerous studies; little is known about Parkinson disease risk factors for those living in urban areas. The authors investigated the relation between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and Parkins...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	American journal of epidemiology Vol. 172; no. 12; pp. 1357 - 1363
Main Authors:	Willis, Allison W., Evanoff, Bradley A., Lian, Min, Galarza, Aiden, Wegrzyn, Andrew, Schootman, Mario, Racette, Brad A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cary, NC Oxford University Press 15-12-2010 Oxford Publishing Limited (England)
Subjects:	Aged Aged, 80 and over Beneficiaries Biological and medical sciences copper Degenerative and inherited degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Leukodystrophies. Prion diseases Environmental Exposure - adverse effects Epidemiology Female General aspects Geographic Information Systems heavy metal poisoning Human exposure Humans Incidence lead Male manganese Medical sciences Medicare Metals Metals, Heavy - adverse effects Miscellaneous nervous system Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes) Nervous system as a whole Neurology Original Contributions Parkinson disease Parkinson Disease - epidemiology Parkinson's disease Public health. Hygiene Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine Retrospective Studies risk Risk Factors United States - epidemiology Urban areas Urban Health - statistics & numerical data urban population United States United States > US USA Emission Parkinson disease Risk Nervous system heavy metal poisoning Epidemiology Incidence Population Community health Degenerative disease Copper Social aspect Public health Health insurance urban population Nervous system diseases Urban environment Poverty lead Cerebral disorder Heavy metal Geographic information system Central nervous system disease Risk factor Poisoning Extrapyramidal syndrome Manganese
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Summary:	Parkinson disease associated with farming and exposure to agricultural chemicals has been reported in numerous studies; little is known about Parkinson disease risk factors for those living in urban areas. The authors investigated the relation between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and Parkinson disease incidence in the urban United States, studying 29 million Medicare beneficiaries in the year 2003. Parkinson disease incidence was determined by using beneficiaries who had not changed residence since 1995. Over 35,000 nonmobile incident Parkinson disease cases, diagnosed by a neurologist, were identified for analysis. Age-, race-, and sex-standardized Parkinson disease incidence was compared between counties with high cumulative industrial release of copper, manganese, or lead (as reported to the Environmental Protection Agency) and counties with no/low reported release of all 3 metals. Parkinson disease incidence (per 100,000) in counties with no/low copper/lead/manganese release was 274.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 226.8, 353.5). Incidence was greater in counties with high manganese release: 489.4 (95% CI: 368.3, 689.5) (relative risk = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.07) and counties with high copper release: 304.2 (95% CI: 276.0, 336.8) (relative risk = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.31). Urban Parkinson disease incidence is greater in counties with high reported industrial release of copper or manganese. Environmental exposure to metals may be a risk factor for Parkinson disease in urban areas.
Bibliography:	istex:D126AA7F62272C88DE7517202EAD308DAB1C59A3 ark:/67375/HXZ-9MNN3S73-Z ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23
ISSN:	0002-9262 1476-6256
DOI:	10.1093/aje/kwq303