Use of electric network frequency presence in video material for time estimation

Use of electric network frequency presence in video material for time estimation

In this research, the possibility of estimating the time a video was recorded at through electric network frequency is explored by examining various light sources in differentiating circumstances. This research focuses on videos made with smartphones. The smartphone cameras make use of an integrated...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of forensic sciences Vol. 67; no. 3; pp. 1021 - 1032
Main Authors: Frijters, Guus, Geradts, Zeno J. M. H.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-05-2022
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects:
CMOS
electric network frequency
Electrical networks
ENF
Estimation
Forensic sciences
Light sources
rolling shutter
Smartphone
smartphone videos
Smartphones
time estimation
time of recording
video forensics
smartphone videos
video forensics
electric network frequency
time estimation
ENF
rolling shutter
time of recording
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Summary:In this research, the possibility of estimating the time a video was recorded at through electric network frequency is explored by examining various light sources in differentiating circumstances. This research focuses on videos made with smartphones. The smartphone cameras make use of an integrated complementary metal oxide semiconductor sensor. The filmed videos are analyzed using software, which employs a small electric network frequency (ENF) database to determine the time of recording of a video made in experimental circumstances. This research shows that in ideal circumstances, it is possible to determine the time stamp of a video recording made with a smartphone. However, it becomes clear that different light sources greatly influence the outcome. The best results are achieved with Halogen and Incandescent light sources, both of which also seem promising in less ideal circumstances. LED sources do work in ideal circumstances and, however, do not show much success in lesser circumstances. This research further demonstrates that there is potential in using ENF to determine a time stamp of recorded videos and provides validation on prior research on this topic. It proves usable in ideal circumstances with the presence of a clear light source on a white wall. With additional research, it has potential to become a feasible method to use for forensic settings in circumstances that are less ideal.
Bibliography:Accepted for presentation at the 74th Annual Scientific Conference of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 21‐25, 2022, in Seattle, WA.
ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
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ISSN:0022-1198
1556-4029
DOI:10.1111/1556-4029.15003