Diversity trapped in cages: Revision of Blumenavia Möller (Clathraceae, Basidiomycota) reveals three hidden species

Basidiomata of Phallales have a diversified morphology with adhesive gleba that exudes an odor, usually unpleasant that attracts mainly insects, which disperse the basidiospores. The genus Blumenavia belongs to the family Clathraceae and, based on morphological features, only two species are current...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	PloS one Vol. 15; no. 5; p. e0232467
Main Authors:	Melanda, Gislaine C S, Accioly, Thiago, Ferreira, Renato J, Rodrigues, Ana C M, Cabral, Tiara S, Coelho, Gilberto, Sulzbacher, Marcelo A, Cortez, Vagner G, Grebenc, Tine, Martín, María P, Baseia, Iuri G
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 01-05-2020 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Basidiomycota - classification Basidiomycota - cytology Basidiomycota - genetics Basidiospores Bayes Theorem Bayesian analysis Biology and Life Sciences Brazil Clathraceae Computer and Information Sciences Dehydration DNA, Fungal - genetics Ecology and Environmental Sciences Exudation Fungi Grooves Insects Lectotypes Medicine and Health Sciences Mexico Morphology New species Odor Odors Phylogeny Physical Sciences Research and Analysis Methods RNA polymerase Species Specificity Spores, Fungal - cytology Studies Tanzania Taxonomic revision Taxonomy Brazil Mexico Tanzania Rio Grande do Norte Brazil Rio Grande do Sul Brazil United States > US
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Summary:	Basidiomata of Phallales have a diversified morphology with adhesive gleba that exudes an odor, usually unpleasant that attracts mainly insects, which disperse the basidiospores. The genus Blumenavia belongs to the family Clathraceae and, based on morphological features, only two species are currently recognized: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis. However, the morphological characters adopted in species delimitations within this genus are inconsistent, and molecular data are scarce. The present study aimed to review and identify informative characters that contribute to the delimitation of Blumenavia species. Exsiccates from America and Africa were analyzed morphologically, and molecularly, using ITS, LSU, ATP6, RPB2 and TEF-1α markers for Maximum Parsimony, Bayesian and Maximum likelihood analyses, and also for coalescent based species delimitations (BP&P), as well as for bPTP, PhyloMap, Topo-phylogenetic and Geophylogenetic reconstructions. According to our studies, seven species can be considered in the genus: B. rhacodes and B. angolensis are maintained, B. usambarensis and B. toribiotalpaensis are reassessed, and three new species are proposed, B. baturitensis Melanda, M.P. Martín & Baseia, sp. nov., B. crucis-hellenicae G. Coelho, Sulzbacher, Grebenc & Cortez, sp. nov., and B. heroica Melanda, Baseia & M.P. Martín, sp. nov. Blumenavia rhacodes is typified by selecting a lectotype and an epitype. Macromorphological characters considered informative to segregate and delimit the species through integrative taxonomy include length of the basidiomata, color, width and presence of grooves on each arm as well as the glebifer position and shape. These must be clearly observed while the basidiomata are still fresh. Since most materials are usually analyzed after dehydration and deposit in collections, field techniques and protocols to describe fugacious characters from fresh specimen are demanded, as well as the use of molecular analysis, in order to better assess recognition and delimitation of species in Blumenavia.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1932-6203 1932-6203
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pone.0232467