Insecticide Resistance Profiling of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae Populations in the Southern Senegal: Role of Target Sites and Metabolic Resistance Mechanisms

The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance among the main malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of vector control interventions in Senegal. The main drivers of this resistance in the complex (e.g., and ) remains poorly characterized in Senegal. Here we characterized the main targe...

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Published in:	Genes Vol. 11; no. 12; p. 1403
Main Authors:	Gueye, Oumou K, Tchouakui, Magellan, Dia, Abdoulaye K, Faye, Mouhamed B, Ahmed, Amblat A, Wondji, Murielle J, Nguiffo, Daniel N, Mugenzi, Leon M J, Tripet, Frederic, Konaté, Lassana, Diabate, Abdoulaye, Dia, Ibrahima, Gaye, Oumar, Faye, Ousmane, Niang, El Hadji A, Wondji, Charles S
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 25-11-2020 MDPI
Subjects:	Animals Anopheles - drug effects Anopheles - genetics Anopheles coluzzii Anopheles gambiae Carbamate pesticides Culicidae Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics Cytochrome P450 Deltamethrin Enzymes Gene Expression - drug effects Gene Expression - genetics Genes Insecticide Resistance - genetics Insecticides Insecticides - pharmacology Larva - drug effects Larva - genetics Malaria Malaria - parasitology Metabolism Morphology Mosquito Control - methods Mosquito Vectors - genetics Mosquitoes Mutation Mutation - drug effects Mutation - genetics Organophosphates Permethrin Permethrin - pharmacology Pesticide resistance Phenylcarbamates - pharmacology Phylogenetics Piperonyl butoxide Polymerase chain reaction Public health Pupa - drug effects Pupa - genetics Pyrethrins - pharmacology Pyrethroids RNA-directed DNA polymerase Senegal Sodium channels (voltage-gated) Sympatric populations Vectors Senegal United States > US West Africa Africa metabolic resistance Senegal An. gambiae kdr An. coluzzii N1575Y malaria pyrethroid
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Summary:	The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance among the main malaria vectors is threatening the effectiveness of vector control interventions in Senegal. The main drivers of this resistance in the complex (e.g., and ) remains poorly characterized in Senegal. Here we characterized the main target site and metabolic resistances mechanisms among the and populations from their sympatric and allopatric or predominance area in Senegal. Larvae and pupae of s.l. were collected, reared to adulthood, and then used for insecticides susceptibility and synergist assays using the WHO (World Health Organisation) test kits for adult mosquitoes. The TaqMan method was used for the molecular characterization of the main target site insecticide resistance mechanisms (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, N1575Y and G119S). A RT-qPCR (Reverse Transcriptase-quantitative Polymerase Chaine Reaction) was performed to estimate the level of genes expression belonging to the CYP450 (Cytochrome P450) family. infection rate was investigated using TaqMan method. High levels of resistance to pyrethroids and DDT and full susceptibility to organophosphates and carbamates where observed in all three sites, excepted a probable resistance to bendiocarb in Kedougou. The L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y mutations were found in both species. Pre-exposure to the PBO (Piperonyl butoxide) synergist induced a partial recovery of susceptibility to permethrin and full recovery to deltamethrin. Subsequent analysis of the level of genes expression, revealed that the and genes were over-expressed in wild-resistant mosquitoes compared to the reference susceptible strain (Kisumu), suggesting that both the metabolic resistance and target site mutation involving mutations are likely implicated in this pyrethroid resistance. The presence of both target-site and metabolic resistance mechanisms in highly pyrethroid-resistant populations of s.l. from Senegal threatens the effectiveness and the sustainability of the pyrethroid-based tools and interventions currently deployed in the country. The mutation is widely widespread in sympatric population. PBO or Duo nets and IRS (Indoor Residual Spraying) with organophosphates could be used as an alternative measure to sustain malaria control in the study area.
ISSN:	2073-4425 2073-4425
DOI:	10.3390/genes11121403