Acute traumatic spinal cord injury induces glial activation in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis)

Background Traumatic spinal cord injury leads to direct myelin and axonal damage and leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to site of injury. Although rodent models have provided the greatest insight into the genesis of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), recent studies have attempted to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of medical primatology Vol. 41; no. 3; pp. 202 - 209
Main Authors:	Miller, A. D., Westmoreland, S .V., Evangelous, N. R., Graham, A., Sledge, J., Nesathurai, S.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-06-2012
Subjects:	Acute Disease Animal models Animals Antigens, CD - genetics Antigens, CD - metabolism Balloons Biomarkers - metabolism Catheterization Catheters Cynomolgus Data processing Gelatinase B Gene Expression Regulation Hemorrhage Immunohistochemistry inducible nitric oxide synthase Inflammation Inflammation - genetics Inflammation - metabolism Macaca fascicularis macrophage-related protein 8 Macrophages Macrophages - metabolism Male Microglia Microglia - metabolism Myelin Necrosis Nitric-oxide synthase Primates Spinal Cord - cytology Spinal Cord - metabolism Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism Spinal Cord Injuries - pathology Spinal cord injury Trauma Wounds and Injuries - metabolism Wounds and Injuries - pathology
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Summary:	Background Traumatic spinal cord injury leads to direct myelin and axonal damage and leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells to site of injury. Although rodent models have provided the greatest insight into the genesis of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), recent studies have attempted to develop an appropriate non‐human primate model. Methods We explored TSCI in a cynomolgus macaque model using a balloon catheter to mimic external trauma to further evaluate the underlying mechanisms of acute TSCI. Results Following 1 hour of spinal cord trauma, there were focal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis at the site of trauma. Additionally, there was a marked increased expression of macrophage‐related protein 8, MMP9, IBA‐1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages and microglia at the site of injury. Conclusions This data indicate that acute TSCI in the cynomolgus macaque is an appropriate model and that the earliest immunohistochemical changes noted are within macrophage and microglia populations.
Bibliography:	ark:/67375/WNG-8J9RQHGS-3 ArticleID:JMP542 istex:3C5DA2C15D45163A48333F6923FD67CEDDBCF876 This research was supported, in part, by NIH grant # 5P51 OD011103. ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-2 ObjectType-Feature-1
ISSN:	0047-2565 1600-0684
DOI:	10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00542.x