Which are the main threats affecting the marine megafauna in the Bay of Biscay?

The marine environment faces an increasing number of threats, mainly driven by anthropogenic activities, that are causing growing impacts on marine species and processes. In Europe, the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) of the E...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Continental shelf research Vol. 186; pp. 1 - 12
Main Authors:	García-Barón, Isabel, Santos, M. Begoña, Uriarte, Ainhize, Inchausti, J. Ignacio, Escribano, J. Miguel, Albisu, Joxan, Fayos, Manena, Pis-Millán, José A., Oleaga, Álvaro, Alonso Mier, Francisco E., Hernández, Orencio, Moreno, Obdulio, Louzao, Maite
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 15-09-2019
Subjects:	Bay of Biscay Marine mammal Marine megafauna Marine Strategy Framework Directive Seabird Threats Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres Threats Marine megafauna Marine mammal Bay of Biscay Marine Strategy Framework Directive Seabird Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres
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Summary:	The marine environment faces an increasing number of threats, mainly driven by anthropogenic activities, that are causing growing impacts on marine species and processes. In Europe, the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) of the European waters by 2020. The Directive specifically refers to biodiversity with the first of the eleven qualitative descriptors (proposed to help describe what GES should look like) being Biodiversity is maintained. For this descriptor, the status of several functional groups, including marine megafauna species, need to be assessed using criteria such as population size and condition, and mortality due to bycatch in fishing gear, that compare current values against agreed thresholds. To contribute to this process, we performed an assessment of the threats affecting the marine megafauna community (i.e. seabirds and cetaceans) in the Bay of Biscay synthesizing the available evidences and identifying the main threats affecting the marine megafauna to help prioritise the required management and conservation actions. We analysed 4,023 admissions of seabirds recorded during 2004–2016 from four Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres to obtain an initial quantitative assessment of the pressures exerted on seabirds. The main marine threats identified in the Spanish North Atlantic sub-region were cachexia (52.3%), exposure to crude oil (10%) and interaction with fishing gears (5.3%). When considering all threats together, the common guillemot, the yellow-legged gull, the northern gannet, the great cormorant and the razorbill were the main affected species. In addition, we summarised the available information to perform an updated qualitative assessment of the severity of the threats faced by seabirds and cetaceans. The qualitative assessment showed that cetaceans are especially vulnerable to bycatch, vessel collision, and pollution-related threats, whilst seabirds are particularly sensitive to oil spills, bycatch and marine litter. This type of assessment studies can aid in the identification of priority areas and/or species where management measures should be applied to ensure that the ultimate goal of the MSFD, sustainable conservation of the marine environment, is reached. •Alcidae, Laridae, Sulidae and Phalacrocoracidae were the main seabird families admitted to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres.•Marine threats identified from Wildlife Rehabilitation Centres data were cachexia, exposure to crude oil and interaction with fishing gears.•Cetaceans are especially vulnerable to bycatch, vessel collision, and pollution-related threats.•Seabirds are particularly sensitive to oil spills, bycatch and marine litter.
ISSN:	0278-4343 1873-6955
DOI:	10.1016/j.csr.2019.07.009