Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission

Background. Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. Methods. We impl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Clinical infectious diseases Vol. 61; no. 9; pp. 1355 - 1362
Main Authors:	Choi, Mary J., Torremorell, Montserrat, Bender, Jeff B., Smith, Kirk, Boxrud, David, Ertl, Jon R., Yang, My, Suwannakarn, Kamol, Her, Duachi, Nguyen, Jennifer, Uyeki, Timothy M., Levine, Min, Lindstrom, Stephen, Katz, Jacqueline M., Jhung, Michael, Vetter, Sara, Wong, Karen K., Sreevatsan, Srinand, Lynfield, Ruth
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Oxford University Press 01-11-2015
Subjects:	and Commentaries Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES Disease transmission Environmental Microbiology Epidemiological Monitoring Epidemiology Humans Influenza Influenza A virus - isolation & purification Livestock industry Marketing Minnesota Occupational Exposure Orthomyxoviridae Infections - transmission Orthomyxoviridae Infections - veterinary Orthomyxoviridae Infections - virology Prospective Studies Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence Analysis, DNA Surveillance Swine Swine Diseases - transmission Swine Diseases - virology Virus Cultivation Viruses Zoonoses - transmission Zoonoses - virology Minnesota USA, Minnesota Mexico influenza swine live animal markets human
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Summary:	Background. Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. Methods. We implemented surveillance for IAVs among employees, swine, and environment (air and surfaces) during a 12-week period (October 2012–January 2013) at 2 markets epidemiologically associated with persons with swine-origin IAV (variant) infections. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and whole-genome sequencing were performed on respiratory and environmental specimens, and serology on sera from employees at beginning and end of surveillance. Results. Nasal swabs from 11 of 17 (65%) employees tested positive for IAVs by rRT-PCR; 7 employees tested positive on multiple occasions and 1 employee reported influenza-like illness. Eleven of 15 (73%) employees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers ≥40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 demonstrated a 4-fold titer increase to both swine-origin and pandemic A/Mexico/4108/2009 IAVs. IAVs were isolated from swine (72/84), air (30/45), and pen railings (5/21). Whole-genome sequencing of 122 IAVs isolated from swine and environmental specimens revealed multiple strains and subtype codetections. Multiple gene segment exchanges among and within subtypes were observed, resulting in new genetic constellations and reassortant viruses. Genetic sequence similarities of 99%–100% among IAVs of 1 market customer and swine indicated interspecies transmission. Conclusions. At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 M. J. C. and M. T. contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	1058-4838 1537-6591 1537-6591
DOI:	10.1093/cid/civ618