Differences in Longevity and Temperature-Driven Extrinsic Incubation Period Correlate with Varying Dengue Risk in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Region

Dengue transmission is determined by a complex set of interactions between the environment, mosquitoes, dengue viruses, and humans. Emergence in new geographic areas can be unpredictable, with some regions having established mosquito populations for decades without locally acquired transmission. Key...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Viruses Vol. 15; no. 4; p. 851
Main Authors:	Ernst, Kacey C, Walker, Kathleen R, Castro-Luque, A Lucia, Schmidt, Chris, Joy, Teresa K, Brophy, Maureen, Reyes-Castro, Pablo, Díaz-Caravantes, Rolando Enrique, Encinas, Veronica Ortiz, Aguilera, Alfonso, Gameros, Mercedes, Cuevas Ruiz, Rosa Elena, Hayden, Mary H, Alvarez, Gerardo, Monaghan, Andrew, Williamson, Daniel, Arnbrister, Josh, Gutiérrez, Eileen Jeffrey, Carrière, Yves, Riehle, Michael A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 26-03-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Abundance Aedes Aedes aegypti Age Age composition age-grading Animals Arizona - epidemiology Cities climate Control Culicidae Dengue Dengue fever Dengue Virus Deserts Disease transmission Environmental factors Epidemics extrinsic incubation period Females Gene expression Humans Humidity Identification and classification Infectious Disease Incubation Period Longevity Mexico Mosquito Vectors Mosquitoes Prevention Risk factors Species composition Surveillance Survival Temperature Vectors Vectors (Biology) Viruses Arizona United States United States > US Mexico parity Mexico longevity Aedes aegypti climate extrinsic incubation period dengue age-grading mosquito
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Summary:	Dengue transmission is determined by a complex set of interactions between the environment, mosquitoes, dengue viruses, and humans. Emergence in new geographic areas can be unpredictable, with some regions having established mosquito populations for decades without locally acquired transmission. Key factors such as mosquito longevity, temperature-driven extrinsic incubation period (EIP), and vector-human contact can strongly influence the potential for disease transmission. To assess how these factors interact at the edge of the geographical range of dengue virus transmission, we conducted mosquito sampling in multiple urban areas located throughout the Arizona-Sonora desert region during the summer rainy seasons from 2013 to 2015. Mosquito population age structure, reflecting mosquito survivorship, was measured using a combination of parity analysis and relative gene expression of an age-related gene, SCP-1. Bloodmeal analysis was conducted on field collected blood-fed mosquitoes. Site-specific temperature was used to estimate the EIP, and this predicted EIP combined with mosquito age were combined to estimate the abundance of "potential" vectors (i.e., mosquitoes old enough to survive the EIP). Comparisons were made across cities by month and year. The dengue endemic cities Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregon, both in the state of Sonora, Mexico, had higher abundance of potential vectors than non-endemic Nogales, Sonora, Mexico. Interestingly, Tucson, Arizona consistently had a higher estimated abundance of potential vectors than dengue endemic regions of Sonora, Mexico. There were no observed city-level differences in species composition of blood meals. Combined, these data offer insights into the critical factors required for dengue transmission at the ecological edge of the mosquito's range. However, further research is needed to integrate an understanding of how social and additional environmental factors constrain and enhance dengue transmission in emerging regions.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1999-4915 1999-4915
DOI:	10.3390/v15040851