Diagnosing COVID-19 in human serum using Raman spectroscopy

This study proposed the diagnosis of COVID-19 by means of Raman spectroscopy. Samples of blood serum from 10 patients positive and 10 patients negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR RNA and ELISA tests were analyzed. Raman spectra were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW) in tripl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Lasers in medical science Vol. 37; no. 4; pp. 2217 - 2226
Main Authors:	Goulart, Ana Cristina Castro, Silveira, Landulfo, Carvalho, Henrique Cunha, Dorta, Cristiane Bissoli, Pacheco, Marcos Tadeu T., Zângaro, Renato Amaro
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Springer London 01-06-2022 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Albumins Amides Amines Amino acids Blood Coronaviruses COVID-19 Dentistry Discriminant analysis Lasers Lipids Medical diagnosis Medicine Medicine & Public Health Nitrogen compounds Nucleic acids Optical Devices Optics Original Original Article Photonics Polymerase chain reaction Principal components analysis Proteins Quantum Optics Raman spectra Raman spectroscopy Spectral sensitivity Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Tryptophan Urea COVID-19 Serum SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis Raman spectroscopy Principal component analysis
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Summary:	This study proposed the diagnosis of COVID-19 by means of Raman spectroscopy. Samples of blood serum from 10 patients positive and 10 patients negative for COVID-19 by RT-PCR RNA and ELISA tests were analyzed. Raman spectra were obtained with a dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW) in triplicate, being submitted to exploratory analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the spectral differences and discriminant analysis with PCA (PCA-DA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) for classification of the blood serum spectra into Control and COVID-19. The spectra of both groups positive and negative for COVID-19 showed peaks referred to the basal constitution of the serum (mainly albumin). The difference spectra showed decrease in the peaks referred to proteins and amino acids for the group positive. PCA variables showed more detailed spectral differences related to the biochemical alterations due to the COVID-19 such as increase in lipids, nitrogen compounds (urea and amines/amides) and nucleic acids, and decrease of proteins and amino acids (tryptophan) in the COVID-19 group. The discriminant analysis applied to the principal component loadings (PC2, PC4, PC5, and PC6) could classify spectra with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity indicated in the RT-PCR kit leaflet, demonstrating the possibilities of a rapid, label-free, and costless technique for diagnosing COVID-19 infection.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1435-604X 0268-8921 1435-604X
DOI:	10.1007/s10103-021-03488-7