Metabolic Profile of Supragingival Plaque Exposed to Arginine and Fluoride

Caries lesions develop when acid production from bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates outweighs the various mechanisms that promote pH homeostasis, including bacterial alkali production. Therapies that provide arginine as a substrate for alkali production in supragingival oral biofilms have...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of dental research Vol. 98; no. 11; pp. 1245 - 1252
Main Authors:	Nascimento, M.M., Alvarez, A.J., Huang, X., Browngardt, C., Jenkins, R., Sinhoreti, M.C., Ribeiro, A.P.D., Dilbone, D.A., Richards, V.P., Garrett, T.J., Burne, R.A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01-10-2019 SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
Subjects:	Acid production Adult Agmatine Ammonia Arginine Arginine - chemistry Arginine deiminase Bacteria Biofilms Carbohydrates Data analysis Dental caries Dental Caries - metabolism Dental Caries - microbiology Dental enamel Dental Plaque - metabolism Dental Plaque - microbiology Dentifrices Dentin Dietary minerals Double-Blind Method Enamel Fluoride treatments Fluorides Fluorides - chemistry Glucosamine Homeostasis Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Hypotheses Lactic acid Lactic Acid - metabolism Lesions Metabolism Metabolites Metabolome Metabolomics Minerals Next-generation sequencing pH effects Phenethylamine Research Reports Studies Teeth Toothpastes - chemistry dental caries metabolite bacteria metabolomics microbiome biofilm
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Summary:	Caries lesions develop when acid production from bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates outweighs the various mechanisms that promote pH homeostasis, including bacterial alkali production. Therapies that provide arginine as a substrate for alkali production in supragingival oral biofilms have strong anticaries potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolic profile of site-specific supragingival plaque in response to the use of arginine (Arg: 1.5% arginine, fluoride-free) or fluoride (F: 1,100 ppm F/NaF) toothpastes. Eighty-three adults of different caries status were recruited and assigned to treatment with Arg or F for 12 wk. Caries lesions were diagnosed using International Caries Detection and Assessment System II, and plaque samples were collected from caries-free and carious tooth surfaces. Taxonomic profiles were obtained by HOMINGS (Human Oral Microbe Identification using Next Generation Sequencing), and plaque metabolism was assessed by the levels of arginine catabolism via the arginine deiminase pathway (ADS), acidogenicity, and global metabolomics. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares–discriminant analysis, analysis of variance, and random forest tests were used to distinguish metabolic profiles. Of the 509 active lesions diagnosed at baseline, 70 (14%) were inactive after 12 wk. Generalized linear model showed that enamel lesions were significantly more likely to become inactive compared to dentin lesions (P < 0.0001), but no difference was found when treatment with Arg was compared to F (P = 0.46). Arg significantly increased plaque ADS activity (P = 0.031) and plaque pH values after incubation with glucose (P = 0.001). F reduced plaque lactate production from endogenous sources (P = 0.02). PCA revealed differences between the metabolic profiles of plaque treated with Arg or F. Arg significantly affected the concentrations of 16 metabolites, including phenethylamine, agmatine, and glucosamine-6-phosphate (P < 0.05), while F affected the concentrations of 9 metabolites, including phenethylamine, N-methyl-glutamate, and agmatine (P < 0.05). The anticaries mechanisms of action of arginine and fluoride are distinct. Arginine metabolism promotes biofilm pH homeostasis, whereas fluoride is thought to enhance resistance of tooth minerals to low pH and reduce acid production by supragingival oral biofilms.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3
ISSN:	0022-0345 1544-0591
DOI:	10.1177/0022034519869906