Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects in mice exposed to concentrated ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) from São Paulo city, Brazil

The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has a unique composition of atmospheric pollutants, and positive correlations between exposure and the risk of diseases and mortality have been observed. Here we assessed the effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM ) on genotoxic and global DNA methylation a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Particle and fibre toxicology Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 40 - 19
Main Authors:	de Oliveira, Antonio Anax Falcão, de Oliveira, Tiago Franco, Dias, Michelle Francini, Medeiros, Marisa Helena Gennari, Di Mascio, Paolo, Veras, Mariana, Lemos, Miriam, Marcourakis, Tania, Saldiva, Paulo Hilário Nascimento, Loureiro, Ana Paula Melo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central 19-10-2018 BMC
Subjects:	Adducts Air Pollutants - toxicity Air pollution Alcohol Animal tissues Animals Antioxidants Apoptosis Blood Brazil Cancer Cell cycle Cell differentiation Cities Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Deoxyribonucleic acid Differentiation (biology) DNA DNA adducts DNA Damage DNA methylation DNA Methylation - drug effects Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Environmental Monitoring - methods Enzymatic activity Epigenesis, Genetic - drug effects Epigenetics Erythrocytes Ethanol Exposure Genomes Genotoxicity Glutathione Glutathione reductase Glutathione transferase Health risks Hydrocarbons Kidneys Lesions Liver Lungs Male Metropolitan areas Mice Mice, Inbred Strains Mortality Mutation Nanoparticles - toxicity Organ Specificity Oxidative stress Oxidative Stress - drug effects Oxidative Stress - genetics Particle Size Particulate matter Particulate Matter - toxicity Particulates Pollutants Superoxide dismutase Brazil Cities DNA methylation Oxidative stress DNA adducts Particulate matter
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Summary:	The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo has a unique composition of atmospheric pollutants, and positive correlations between exposure and the risk of diseases and mortality have been observed. Here we assessed the effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM ) on genotoxic and global DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation changes, as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in tissues of AJ mice exposed whole body to ambient air enriched in PM , which was concentrated in a chamber near an avenue of intense traffic in São Paulo City, Brazil. Mice exposed to concentrated ambient PM (1 h daily, 3 months) were compared to in situ ambient air exposed mice as the study control. The concentrated PM exposed group presented increased levels of the oxidized nucleoside 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in lung and kidney DNA and increased levels of the etheno adducts 1,N -etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine and 1,N -etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine in kidney and liver DNA, respectively. Apart from the genotoxic effects, the exposure to PM led to decreased levels of the epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) in lung and liver DNA. Changes in lung, liver, and erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities were also observed. Decreased glutathione reductase and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were observed in the lungs, while the liver presented increased glutathione S-transferase and decreased SOD activities. An increase in SOD activity was also observed in erythrocytes. These changes are consistent with the induction of local and systemic oxidative stress. Mice exposed daily to PM at a concentration that mimics 24-h exposure to the mean concentration found in ambient air presented, after 3 months, increased levels of DNA lesions related to the occurrence of oxidative stress in the lungs, liver, and kidney, in parallel to decreased global levels of 5-hmC in lung and liver DNA. Genetic and epigenetic alterations induced by pollutants may affect the genes committed to cell cycle control, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, increasing the chance of cancer development, which merits further investigation.
ISSN:	1743-8977 1743-8977
DOI:	10.1186/s12989-018-0276-y