Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries

Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very com...

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Published in:	BMC veterinary research Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 198 - 29
Main Authors:	Whittington, Richard, Donat, Karsten, Weber, Maarten F, Kelton, David, Nielsen, Søren Saxmose, Eisenberg, Suzanne, Arrigoni, Norma, Juste, Ramon, Sáez, Jose Luis, Dhand, Navneet, Santi, Annalisa, Michel, Anita, Barkema, Herman, Kralik, Petr, Kostoulas, Polychronis, Citer, Lorna, Griffin, Frank, Barwell, Rob, Moreira, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo, Slana, Iva, Koehler, Heike, Singh, Shoor Vir, Yoo, Han Sang, Chávez-Gris, Gilberto, Goodridge, Amador, Ocepek, Matjaz, Garrido, Joseba, Stevenson, Karen, Collins, Mike, Alonso, Bernardo, Cirone, Karina, Paolicchi, Fernando, Gavey, Lawrence, Rahman, Md Tanvir, de Marchin, Emmanuelle, Van Praet, Willem, Bauman, Cathy, Fecteau, Gilles, McKenna, Shawn, Salgado, Miguel, Fernández-Silva, Jorge, Dziedzinska, Radka, Echeverría, Gustavo, Seppänen, Jaana, Thibault, Virginie, Fridriksdottir, Vala, Derakhshandeh, Abdolah, Haghkhah, Masoud, Ruocco, Luigi, Kawaji, Satoko, Momotani, Eiichi, Heuer, Cord, Norton, Solis, Cadmus, Simeon, Agdestein, Angelika, Kampen, Annette, Szteyn, Joanna, Frössling, Jenny, Schwan, Ebba, Caldow, George, Strain, Sam, Carter, Mike, Wells, Scott, Munyeme, Musso, Wolf, Robert, Gurung, Ratna, Verdugo, Cristobal, Fourichon, Christine, Yamamoto, Takehisa, Thapaliya, Sharada, Di Labio, Elena, Ekgatat, Monaya, Gil, Andres, Alesandre, Alvaro Nuñez, Piaggio, José, Suanes, Alejandra, de Waard, Jacobus H
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 13-06-2019 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Agricultural economics Animal care Animal diseases Animal health Animal Husbandry Animal welfare Animals Animals, Wild - microbiology Cattle Chronic diseases Control Control programs Developed countries Disease control Disease Notification - standards Economic aspects Farmers Farms Funding Goats Government aid Incidence Industrialized countries Johne's disease Life Sciences Livestock Medium term notes Mycobacterium avium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis - isolation & purification Organizations Paratuberculosis Paratuberculosis - economics Paratuberculosis - epidemiology Paratuberculosis - prevention & control Prevalence Public health Review Risk factors Ruminants - microbiology Sheep Wildlife Control Prevalence Cattle Paratuberculosis Wildlife Camelid Sheep Goat Review Deer
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Summary:	Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	1746-6148 1746-6148
DOI:	10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4