Engineering new limits to magnetostriction through metastability in iron-gallium alloys

Magnetostrictive materials transduce magnetic and mechanical energies and when combined with piezoelectric elements, evoke magnetoelectric transduction for high-sensitivity magnetic field sensors and energy-efficient beyond-CMOS technologies. The dearth of ductile, rare-earth-free materials with hig...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Nature communications Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 2757
Main Authors:	Meisenheimer, P. B., Steinhardt, R. A., Sung, S. H., Williams, L. D., Zhuang, S., Nowakowski, M. E., Novakov, S., Torunbalci, M. M., Prasad, B., Zollner, C. J., Wang, Z., Dawley, N. M., Schubert, J., Hunter, A. H., Manipatruni, S., Nikonov, D. E., Young, I. A., Chen, L. Q., Bokor, J., Bhave, S. A., Ramesh, R., Hu, J.-M., Kioupakis, E., Hovden, R., Schlom, D. G., Heron, J. T.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 12-05-2021 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects:	119/118 142/126 147/143 639/301/119/544 639/301/119/996 639/301/119/997 Alloys Anisotropy CMOS Coefficients Composite materials Crystal structure Energy efficiency ENGINEERING Epitaxial growth ferroelectrics and multiferroics Gallium Gallium base alloys Heterostructures Humanities and Social Sciences Intermetallic phases Magnetic anisotropy Magnetic fields Magnetic properties magnetic properties and materials Magnetostriction MATERIALS SCIENCE Metastable state multidisciplinary Phase transitions Physics Piezoelectricity Rare earth elements Science Science (multidisciplinary) Spectrum analysis surfaces, interfaces and thin films Switching Thin films
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Summary:	Magnetostrictive materials transduce magnetic and mechanical energies and when combined with piezoelectric elements, evoke magnetoelectric transduction for high-sensitivity magnetic field sensors and energy-efficient beyond-CMOS technologies. The dearth of ductile, rare-earth-free materials with high magnetostrictive coefficients motivates the discovery of superior materials. Fe 1− x Ga x alloys are amongst the highest performing rare-earth-free magnetostrictive materials; however, magnetostriction becomes sharply suppressed beyond x = 19% due to the formation of a parasitic ordered intermetallic phase. Here, we harness epitaxy to extend the stability of the BCC Fe 1− x Ga x alloy to gallium compositions as high as x = 30% and in so doing dramatically boost the magnetostriction by as much as 10x relative to the bulk and 2x larger than canonical rare-earth based magnetostrictors. A Fe 1− x Ga x − [Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ] 0.7 −[PbTiO 3 ] 0.3 (PMN-PT) composite magnetoelectric shows robust 90° electrical switching of magnetic anisotropy and a converse magnetoelectric coefficient of 2.0 × 10 −5 s m −1 . When optimally scaled, this high coefficient implies stable switching at ~80 aJ per bit. In this work, Meisenheimer et al. use careful epitaxial growth of FeGa thin films to achieve a metastable state with remarkably high magetostrictive coefficients. Materials with strong magnetostrictive properties are vital components in magnetoelectric multiferroic heterostructures, with considerable potential for use a variety of technologies.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 AC02-05CH11231; NNCI-1542081; EEC-1160504; DMR-1719875; DMR-1539918; 70NANB17H041; CBET-2006028; TG-DMR180076; ACI-1548562; DMR-1807984; 2018-LM-2830 USDOE Office of Science (SC) National Science Foundation (NSF)
ISSN:	2041-1723 2041-1723
DOI:	10.1038/s41467-021-22793-x